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One of the primary missions of the National Ocean Service (NOS) and its predecessor agencies has been to accurately survey the coast of the United States. Beginning in the late 1930's, metric aerial photographs have become the primary source material for coastal survey maps and digital cartographic feature files. Photographic surveys replaced plane table field surveys because they could be completed faster and less expensively. The metric-quality vertical aerial photographs are acquired by the National Geodetic Survey (NGS) and their contractors and are maintained by the NGS. These photographs are used for a variety of geo-positioning application including shoreline delineation, marine planning, mapping water depths, topographic mapping, mapping seabed characteristics, and locating features or obstructions to ensure the safety of marine and air navigation. NGS's area of photogrammetric responsibilities includes all coastal regions, including the Great Lakes and their connecting navigable waterways. This represents approximately 95,000 miles of shoreline. NGS maintains a library of all vertical aerial photographic surveys of the coast dating back to1945 1942. There are currently over 500,000 photographs in the library with additional photographs being acquired each year. All photographs are available to the public for purchase.

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VA FULL-TIME,PART-TIME, & INT EMPLOYEES BY OCCUPATON

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The Floodplain Mapping/Redelineation study deliverables depict and quantify the flood risks for the study area. The primary risk classifications used are the 1-percent-annual-chance flood event, the 0.2-percent-annual- chance flood event, and areas of minimal flood risk. The Floodplain Mapping/Redelineation flood risk boundaries are derived from the engineering information Flood Insurance Studies (FISs), previously published Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs), flood hazard analyses performed in support of the FISs and FIRMs, and new mapping data, where available. The FISs and FIRMs are published by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).

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The Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map (DFIRM) Database depicts flood risk information and supporting data used to develop the risk data. The primary risk classifications used are the 1-percent-annual-chance flood event, the 0.2-percent-annual- chance flood event, and areas of minimal flood risk. The DFIRM Database is derived from Flood Insurance Studies (FISs), previously published Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs), flood hazard analyses performed in support of the FISs and FIRMs, and new mapping data, where available. The FISs and FIRMs are published by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). In addition to the preceding, required text, the Abstract should also describe the projection and coordinate system as well as a general statement about horizontal accuracy.

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This digital data set contains the locations, water-level altitude, and water-level differences of 70 wells selected to document water-level changes between fall 2004 and spring 2005 in the Anza-Terwilliger area of Riverside County, California. The winter of 2005 was one of the wettest periods on record. Links to the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information Systems Website (NWISWeb) have been established to interactively view recent water-level information via the internet by clicking on a specific well.

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To provide the user with a general idea of areas where final critical habitat for Razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus) occur based on the description provided in the Federal Register. The geographic extent includes counties in Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico and Utah.

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This map layer portrays the Congressional Districts of the United States for the 106th Congress. The map layer was created by extracting lines from existing National Atlas layers that were coincident with Congressional District boundaries. In areas lacking coincident geometry, lines from 1:100,000 scale Congressional District boundaries published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Geography Division were generalized and integrated into the data layer.

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<p>Propulsion technology is often critical for space missions. High-value missions could be done with very small spacecraft, even CubeSats, but these nanosatellites currently have little propulsion capability. After CubeSats are deployed, they usually just tumble or drift away from the transport spacecraft. They cannot transfer to higher value orbits, maintain their orbit, or even deorbit. Larger spacecraft would benefit from highprecision attitude-control systems to maintain the desired orbit and point in the desired direction. Existing attitude-control systems, like reaction wheels, are very complex and may have insufficient lifetimes. NASA is investing in Microfluidic Electrospray Propulsion (MEP) thrusters to provide the new propulsion capabilities to address both of these mission needs.</p><p>Chemical propulsion systems are limited to the combustion energy available in the chemical bonds of the fuel and the acceleration provided by a converging-diverging nozzle. Electric propulsion uses electric power to accelerate propellant to very high exhaust velocities—up to 10 times greater than for chemical propulsion. This increases the momentum transfer efficiency or the fuel economy. The propellant efficiency of thrusters, which is proportional to the exhaust velocity, is referred to as the “specific impulse,” or ISP, measured in seconds. The state of the art for CubeSats is cold gas propulsion with an ISP of 50 to 80 s. The chemical propulsion main engine for the space shuttles demonstrated an ISP of 450 s. However, the target ISP for MEP systems is greater than 1500 s—enough to transfer a 1-kg 10-cm cube from low Earth orbit to interplanetary space with only 200 g of propellant.</p>

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CALIPSO Lidar Level 2 5 km aerosol layer data

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Summary reports of the volume of meat graded for quality by the USDA Agricultural Marketing Service.

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Under Phase I, the feasibility of a novel thermal stress-free ceramic composite mechanical fastener system suitable for assembly of high-temperature composite structures was successfully demonstrated. The innovative 2-dimensional (2D) fastener design facilitates joining load-bearing hot structural assemblies and can be produced at a cost much lower than other competing designs and methods. Functional SiCf/SiCm composite fasteners having two (2) fiber reinforcement orientations of 0/90-degrees (cross-ply) and 145-degrees (bias-ply) were fabricated for characterization. Testing of the respective fasteners included both axial tension and single-lap shear. The cross-ply reinforced SiCf/SiCm fasteners exhibited axial tensile and single-lap shear strengths of 38.0 and 33.1 ksi, respectively. The bias-ply fasteners exhibited axial tensile and single-lap shear strengths of 31.3 and 29.8 ksi, respectively. Using a generalized analytical method for determining the distribution of forces and stresses in the 2D mechanical fastener developed in Phase I, optimized configurations will be designed and produced in Phase II for evaluation. The metallic subcomponents used for Phase I demonstration will be produced using a high temperature-capable material (e.g., ceramic, superalloy). Aerodynamically smooth Cf/SiCm and SiCf/SiCm composite structural lap joints will be assembled using the optimized composite fastener system for characterization. Testing of the lap joint assemblies will performed to determine the flexibility and structural efficiency of the joint as a function of off-axis loading relative to the principal axis of the fasteners. Elevated temperature testing will be performed to establish the effects of temperature on the mechanical properties of the joint.

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Output and documentation from a set of multi-century experiments performed using NOAA/GFDL's climate models. Users can download files, display data file attributes, and graphically display the data. Data sets include those from CM2.X experiments associated with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Assessment Report (IPCC) and the US Climate Change Science Program (US CCSP).

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This data set includes biophysical measurements collected in 2009 from five New England experimental forest stations: Bartlett Experimental Forest, Harvard Forest, Howland Research Forest, Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, and the Penobscot Experimental Forest. Howland measurements were repeated in 2010 and one site in the Sierra National Forest, California, was surveyed in 2008. Biomass in respective measurement plots was calculated with allometric equations using measured diameter at breast height (DBH) for trees greater than 10 cm and species identification. Within selected subplots, the number of stems with diameters less than 10 cm were counted and classified to allow for an estimate of biomass for these stems. There are 16 data files provided that present the biophysical measurement results and the biomass estimates in ASCII comma-separated format. For a subset of sites and plots (Bartlett Experimental Forest, Harvard Forest and Howland Research Forest), more intensive inventories were done in coordination with Echidna lidar imaging (Strahler et al., 2008). In these intensive collections, the stem location, species, DBH and live/dead status were recorded for all stems with total stem height and canopy dimensions recorded for every tenth stem. In addition, for stems below 10 cm DBH, species and count were recorded in a subplot of each intensive inventory plot. See the related data set Strahler et al., 2011.Investigators from Federal and university laboratories conducted these field campaign to make estimates of forest biophysical attributes that will prove useful in comparisons with airborne lidar (LVIS) and UAVSAR remote sensing acquisitions. The North American Carbon Program (NACP) is a multi-disciplinary research program designed to obtain scientific understanding of North America's carbon sources and sinks and of the changes in carbon stocks needed to meet societal concerns, and to provide tools for decision makers. NACP began in 2002 and continues to date. The NACP data collection contains continental carbon budgets, dynamics, processes, and management of the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide, methane, and carbon monoxide in North America and in adjacent ocean regions.

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Several open pit mines in Nevada lower groundwater to mine ore below the water table. After mining, the pits partially fill with groundwater to form pit lakes. Water quality in the pit lakes may be affected by a variety of factors including the quality of inflowing groundwater, atmospheric precipitation, sulfide oxidation in surrounding rock, dissolution of metals, precipitation of metals, and evaporative concentration. Oxidation reactions on exposed pit walls may release sulfate, acid, and metals into the pit lake. In some cases, water contained in the pit lakes may be of poor quality and may contain concentrations of metals or other inorganic constituents that greatly exceed water quality standards and published wildlife effect levels. Two types of pit lakes may form. The first type has a circumneutral pH and may develop a complex food web. The second type is highly acidic and will remain relatively sterile. While this second type may be less attractive to wildlife, it is highly toxic if water is consumed. Geochemical modeling to predict water quality in some future pit lakes has predicted longterm degradation of pit lake water quality. Wildlife use and the degree of threat presented by inorganic contaminants in pit lakes are uncertain, although at least limited riparian and aquatic communities will become established in most pit lakes where pH remains circumneutral. In these circumneutral pH pit lakes, wildlife use and fish introductions over the longterm are uncertain. Wildlife exposure to contaminants through drinking water and consumption of contaminated foods in the lakes may occur. Constituents that bioaccumulate or biomagnify in the food chain, such as selenium and mercury, are of greatest concern. Currently, little is known about biological characteristics of mine pit lakes. This investigation was designed to provide information on habitat and community development, habitat quality, wildlife use, inorganic contaminants behavior and partitioning, and the potential for wildlife exposure to inorganic contaminants in mine pit lakes.

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The TAO array (renamed the TAO/TRITON array on 1 January 2000) consists of approximately 70 moorings in the Tropical Pacific Ocean, telemetering oceanographic and meteorological data to shore in real-time via the Argos satellite system. The array is a major component of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Observing System, the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) and the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). Support is provided primarily by the United States (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) and Japan (Japan Agency for Marine-earth Science and TEChnology).

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The Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map (DFIRM) Database depicts flood risk information and supporting data used to develop the risk data. The primary risk classifications used are the 1-percent-annual-chance flood event, the 0.2-percent-annual-chance flood event, and areas of minimal flood risk. The DFIRM Database is derived from Flood Insurance Studies (FISs), previously published Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs), flood hazard analyses performed in support of the FISs and FIRMs, and new mapping data, where available. The FISs and FIRMs are published by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The file is georeferenced to earth's surface using the UTM projection and coordinate system. The specifications for the horizontal control of DFIRM data files are consistent with those required for mapping at a scale of 1:12000.

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Recent developments in digital terrain and geospatial database management technology make it possible to protect this investment for existing and future projects to a much greater extent than was possible in the past. The minimum requirement for hydraulics data includes input and output files for all hydraulic models and spatial datasets that are needed to implement the models. (Source: FEMA Guidelines and Specs, Appendix N)

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Shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions (SWBLI) pose challenges to aeronautical engineers because they create regions of adverse pressure gradients as a result of the discontinuous change in conditions across the shock. This shock-induced pressure gradient is a common factor for both flow separation in supersonic inlets and high stagnation pressure losses on transonic wings, factors which are known to reduce performance and efficiency. These affects can be corrected with appropriate forms of flow control. Innovative Technology Applications Company (ITAC) and University of Notre Dame (UND) propose the use of electrohydrodynamic (EHD) plasma actuators to control the affects of SWBLIs for two types of problems, one involving boundary layer separation and the other transonic wave drag. We propose to use plasma actuators near the region of the SWBLI to eliminate or delay the onset of separation in supersonic inlets while using plasma-based shock control methods to reduce the stagnation pressure losses on transonic airfoils. The advantages of the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) actuators are that they are fully electronic, contain no moving parts, surface mountable, minimally intrusive, can be turned off when not needed, and electrically re-configurable for optimal control in dynamic flow conditions.

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Alaeula Hawiian moorhen are quite secretive and current survey methods are inadequate to accurately estimate population size. We trapped and banded adult and juvenile individuals. We placed GPS dataloggers on 10 adult birds at James Campbell NWR in order to track movements. We used these data to develop a monitoring protocol for the Hawaiian moorhen that will allow for more accurate refuge and statewide population estimates. While developing a better method to census individuals was the primary target of this investigation, we also learned valuable information about moorhen response to management actions that was not previously understood. These data will be used across refuges in Hawaii for wetland management actions. Alae keokeo Hawaiian coot are much more likely to travel than the alae ula Hawiian moorhen. Movement both within an island and between islands was not well understood. This affected the ability to accurately census the population. The goal of this component of the project was to better understand largescale movements of the coots. This occured as birds were banded on the James Campbell and Pearl Harbor Refuges and fitted with Satellite PTT trackers. A band resight program utilizing volunteers based on each of the islands was initiated during this study.

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Recent developments in digital terrain and geospatial database management technology make it possible to protect this investment for existing and future projects to a much greater extent than was possible in the past. The minimum requirement for hydraulics data includes input and output files for all hydraulic models and spatial datasets that are needed to implement the models. (Source: FEMA Guidelines and Specs, Appendix N)

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This survey, the fourth in the Bureau of Justice Statistics' program on Law Enforcement and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS), presents information on law enforcement agencies: state police, county police, special police (state and local), municipal polic

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This Water Resource Inventory and Assessment report for Canaan Valley National Wildlife Refuge describes current hydrologic information, provides an assessment of water resource needs and issues of concern, and makes recommendations regarding Refuge water resources. The Water Resource Inventory and Assessment evaluates water quality and quantity issues, water rights, water management, potential threats to water supplies, hydroclimate trends, and other water resource issues for the Refuge.

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This report covers Shemya Island bird surveys. The reports outline migrant bird activity during August 31 to October 3, 1977. The purpose of the study was to survey the fall and spring migration. Species were inventoried during that time. A species list for each migration is included.

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The dataset encompasses portions of San Juan and Whatcom counties in northwest Washington. The surveyed area is approximately 222 square miles. The LAS V1.1 files are classified into Class 1 (Unclassified) and Class 2 (Bare Earth) water points are included in both classes. The LAS files are all-return and also include intensity measurements. 50% overlap was used between flightines, resulting in each area being surveyed twice. The nominal point spacing of the data is 0.408 meters (6 pt/sq. meter). Watershed Sciences, Inc. collected the LiDAR and created this data set for the Puget Sound LiDAR Consortium

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Hawaiian Archipelago: Several urban areas and popular tourist destinations have suffered from pollution from the land, significant fishing pressure, recreational overuse, and alien species. Despite these pressures, many coral reefs in Hawaii remain in fair to good condition, especially remote reefs; most MPAs have proven to be highly effective in conserving biodiversity and fisheries resources. MPA size, habitat quality, and level of protection are the most important success factors, but several MPAs are too small to have significant effects outside their boundaries; communitybased management has been effective at several locations in Hawaii and expansion of these efforts is being encouraged; continued invasion and degradation of new habitats by alien species remains one of the most pressing threats to reefs in Hawaii; the Papahnaumokukea Marine National Monument PMNM is the largest fully protected marine conservation area in the world, with a unique predatordominated trophic structure, many endemic species, and many threatened and endangered species. This is an important global biodiversity hot spot;global impacts such as climate change sea level rise, ocean warming and acidification and marine debris threaten the unique ecosystem of the PMNM, and rapid international action is needed. US Pacific Remote Island Areas PRIAs: These are remote with limited human impacts, therefore they are nearly intact reefs with healthy coral communities, and predatordominated fish assemblages with the highest fish biomass of all USA coral reefs and near the highest recorded anywhere; Palmyra and Kingman are large atolls with higher coral biodiversity compared to other central Pacific islands: that may be due to being in the path of eastward flowing North Pacific Equatorial Countercurrent; abandoned shipwrecks and associated fuel spills and degradation of reefs threatens these remote islands, including the rapid spread of an invasive corallimorph, Rhodactis, stimulated by dissolved iron at Palmyra and Baker; residual World War II military construction and use continues to degrade habitats at Palmyra, Johnston, Wake, and Baker; the US Government is considering proposing the Central Pacific Islands Marine National Monument, which would create the worlds largest MPA.