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Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) was launched on April 28, 2006 to study the impact of clouds and aerosols on the Earth’s radiation budget and climate. It flies in formation with five other satellites in the international “A-Train” (PDF) constellation for coincident Earth observations. The CALIPSO satellite comprises three instruments, the Cloud-Aerosol LIdar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP), the Imaging Infrared Radiometer (IIR), and the Wide Field Camera (WFC). CALIPSO is a joint satellite mission between NASA and the French Agency, CNES. These data consist 5 km aerosol layer data.

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The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, has produced detailed geologic maps of the sea floor in Long Island Sound, a major East Coast estuary surrounded by the most densely populated region of the United States. These studies have built upon cooperative research with the State of Connecticut that was initiated in 1982. The current phase of this research program is directed toward studies of sea-floor sediment distribution, processes that control sediment distribution, nearshore environmental concerns, and the relation of benthic community structures to the sea-floor geology. Anthropogenic wastes, toxic chemicals, and changes in land-use patterns resulting from residential, commercial, and recreational development have stressed the environment of the Sound, causing degradation and potential loss of benthic habitats (Koppelman and others, 1976; Long Island Sound Study, 1994). Detailed maps of the sea floor are needed to help evaluate the extent of adverse impacts and to help manage resources wisely in the future. Therefore, in a continuing effort to better understand Long Island Sound, we have constructed and interpreted sidescan sonar mosaics (complete-coverage acoustic images of the sea floor) within specific areas of special interest (Poppe and Polloni, 1998; fig. 1). The mosaic presented herein covers a 41.1 km square area of the sea floor in north-central Long Island Sound off Branford, Connecticut. The mosaics and their interpretations serve many purposes, including: (1) defining the geological variability of the sea floor, which is one of the primary controls of benthic habitat diversity; (2) improving our understanding of the processes that control the distribution and transport of bottom sediments and the distribution of benthic habitats and associated infaunal community structures; and (3) providing a detailed framework for future research, monitoring, and management activities. The sidescan sonar mosaics also serve as base maps for subsequent sedimentological, geochemical, and biological observations, because precise information on environmental setting is important for selection of sampling sites and for accurate interpretation of point measurements.

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This data set contains two ASCII files (.txt format), one providing net primary production (NPP) component data for a lower montane rainforest and the other providing climate data. The NPP studies were conducted at Marafunga (6.00 S 145.18 E) in the highlands of Papua New Guinea to the east of Mount Kerigomna, about 25 km west of the town of Goroka. LAI, litterfall, litter standing crop and decomposition, and nutrient content of different vegetation components were measured from November 1970 through December 1971 at four representative forest stands: Ridge Top; Ridge Gap; Valley; and Slope. Forest inventories and field measurements of above- and below-ground biomass were made by destructive harvest at a fifth stand (Ridge Top) during October-December 1970 and April-August 1971. The results of these studies are given for the forest at large. The only component of NPP determined at Marafunga was litterfall (755 g/m2/year).

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The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) is an advanced multispectral imager that was launched on board NASA's Terra spacecraft in December, 1999. The ASTER Level-1T (L1T) data incorporate radiometric and geometric corrections while employing ASTER 30-meter Global Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for topographic accuracy. All of these data are stored together with metadata in one HDF file. The L1T image is projected onto a rotated map (rotated to path oriented coordinate) at full instrument resolutions. The Level-1T data generation also includes registration of the SWIR and TIR data to the VNIR data. And in addition, for SWIR in particular, the parallax errors due to the spatial locations of all of its bands are corrected. The Level-1T data set provide scaled or calibrated radiance values. Scenes with sufficient elevation and ground control data for terrain correction are processed to Level 1T.

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The FPI internet website; contains public-facing program information and many business applications integrated with back-end SAP systems.

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Upriver movements were determined for Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha returning to the Yukon River, a large, relatively pristine river basin. A total of 2,860 fish were radio tagged during 2002-2004, and 2,790 fish (98%) tracked upriver. Most fish exhibited continual upriver movements and strong fidelity to the terminal tributaries entered, with only a small percentage (2.5%) deviating from this pattern. Average movement rates were substantially slower for fish spawning in lower river tributaries (28-40 km d-1) compared to upper basin stocks (52-62 km d-1). Three distinct migratory patterns were observed, including a gradual decline, pronounced decline, and substantial increase in movement rate as the fish moved upriver. Stocks destined for the same region exhibited similar migratory patterns. Migratory patterns among individual fish within a stock showed substantial variation, but tended to reflect the regional pattern. Differences between consistently faster and slower fish explained 74% of the within-stock variation, whereas relative shifts in sequential movement rates between hares (faster fish becoming slower) and tortoises (slow but steady fish) explained 22% of the variation. Pulses of fish moving upriver were not cohesive. Fish tagged over a 4-day period took 14 and 16 d to pass tracking station sites 580 and 872 km upriver, respectively. Movement data provided valuable insights into the run dynamics of the return, but individual variation among fish complicates efforts to manage in-river fisheries. The diverse migratory patterns exhibited by the fish also suggest that movement studies based on small numbers of individuals may not adequately reflect the patterns exhibited by the larger population. Movement rates were substantially faster and the percentage of atypical movements considerably less than reported in more southern drainages, but may also reflect the pristine conditions within the Yukon River, wild origins of the fish, and relatively discrete run timing of the returns.

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Each year Congress passes legislation which, when signed by the President, appropriates funds for the Department of Transportation and related agencies. After this legislation is enacted, FTA publishes a Notice in the Federal Register which provides an overview of the apportionments and allocations based on these funds for the various Federal Transit Administration programs as well as statements of policy and guidance on public transit administration. These data sets show how FTA funding is distributed.

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This dataset consists of Cloud-Cleared Radiances (CCRs) from the NOAA-Unique CrIS-ATMS Processing System (NUCAPS). NUCAPS was developed by the NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Application and Research (STAR) and is produced operationally at the NOAA/NESDIS Office of Satellite and Product Operations (OSPO). Cloud clearing is the process of computing the clear column radiance for each Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) channel. The CrIS sensor onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) satellite is a Fourier transform spectrometer with a total of 1,305 spectral channels covering the longwave IR (9.14 - 15.38 um), midwave IR (5.71 - 8.26 um) and shortwave IR (3.92 - 4.64 um) wavelengths. CrIS scans at a 2200 km swath width, with each scan containing 30 Fields of Regard (FORs) viewed on the Earth's surface. Each FOR contains 9 Fields of View (FOVs) simultaneously measured as a 3 x 3 array. The circular FOVs have a diameter of 14 km at nadir. NUCAPS produces CCRs from the CrIS FORs that are co-located with the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) also onboard the S-NPP satellite. The full spectrum CCRs are produced along with the standard NUCAPS Environmental Data Record (EDR) products, as the radiances are used to retrieve the EDR products. Each product file encompasses one 32-second granule of data, corresponding to 4 scan lines of CrIS/ATMS data. The products are distributed in netCDF-4 file format with metadata attributes included.

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The Ecotox Program is at the forefront, nationally and internationally, of targeted research to characterize the impacts of petroleum hydrocarbons on NOAA trust resources, particularly fish early life stages. This work is extending lessons learned from the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska, through the Cosco Busan spill in San Francisco Bay, to an array of current and intensive activities associated with the Deepwater Horizon natural resource damage assessment in the Gulf of Mexico. This research has been particularly influential in recent years (PNAS papers in 2011 and 2012), with major Deepwater papers forthcoming in 2012 and 2013. Funding has come from NOS/ORR, the Oiled Wildlife Care Network, the Prince William Sound Regional Citizen's Advisory Council, the San Francisco Estuary Institute, and other sources. Ecotox is currently developing new tools to assess PAH exposure and toxicity in fish and other animals, with national applicability - e.g., in advance of anticipated oil drilling in the Arctic, beginning in the summer of 2012. Toxicological effects of PAH on the morphology, heart rate, gene expression of zebrafish larvae/embryos

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The Holomorphic Embedding Load Flow Method (HELM) is a breakthrough that brings significant advances to the field of power systems. It provides a non-iterative procedure to compute, with mathematically proven guarantees even near voltage collapse, the correct operative power flow solution, to the desired accuracy. Unlike iterative methods, which are inherently prone to non-deterministic convergence failures, HELM can be used as the fundamental block for building reliable real-time network applications. The most advanced applications, which rely on optimal search techniques in the state-space of the power system and perform thousands of exploratory power flows, would be unfeasible with any of the iterative methods. This proposal addresses one of the needs of Topic S3.03, namely the need for intelligent, fault-tolerant PMAD technologies to efficiently manage system power for deep space missions. It does so at a foundational level, as it lays down the algorithmic technology that will enable a new class of real-time intelligent algorithms based on reliable, model-based computation. An example of this in terrestrial grids, which has been proven in actual deployments at some large utilities, is a Restoration plan builder, able to compute detailed restoration plans in real time, equaling or surpassing the abilities of human operators. The approach for Phase I consists in applying the new HELM power flow technology to the relevant models for the micro-grids present on current and projected spacecraft power systems, validating and benchmarking the simulation results against other current power flow technologies. This will demonstrate how this technology is better than the state of the art. By highlighting the mathematical properties of the method (unequivocal results, 100% reliability) on the models specific to autonomous DC spacecraft, we will establish the validity and also the status of HELM as the building block of future intelligent applications.

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The Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map (DFIRM) Database depicts flood risk information and supporting data used to develop the risk data. The primary risk classifications used are the 1-percent-annual-chance flood event, the 0.2-percent-annual- chance flood event, and areas of minimal flood risk. The DFIRM Database is derived from Flood Insurance Studies (FISs), previously published Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs), flood hazard analyses performed in support of the FISs and FIRMs, and new mapping data, where available. The FISs and FIRMs are published by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The file is georeferenced to earth's surface using the Ohio South Stateplane projection and coordinate system. The specifications for the horizontal control of DFIRM data files are consistent with those required for mapping at scales of 1:6000 and 1:12,000.

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A nationwide survey that collects information such as age, race, income, commute time to work, home value, veteran status, and other data. Data from the American Community Survey and the Puerto Rico Community Survey were collected during calendar year 2007.

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The Global Annual PM2.5 Grids from MODIS, MISR and SeaWiFS Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) data sets represent a series of three-year running mean grids (1998-2012) of fine particulate matter (solid particles and liquid droplets) that were derived from a combination of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer), MISR (Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer) and SeaWIFS (Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor) AOD satellite retrievals. Together the grids provide a continuous surface of concentrations in micrograms per cubic meter of particulate matter 2.5 micrometers or smaller (PM2.5) for health and environmental research. For each satellite-derived PM2.5 source, the total column retrievals of AOD were converted to near-ground PM2.5 levels using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model to represent local relationships between AOD and PM2.5. A global decadal (2001-2010) mean PM2.5 concentration grid was also produced. The raster grids have a grid cell resolution of 6 arc-minutes (0.1 degree or approximately 10 km at the equator) and cover the global land surface from 70 degrees north to 55 degrees south. Compared to SEDAC’s earlier data set, Global Annual Average PM2.5 Grids from MODIS and MISR Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), v1 (2001-2010), this data set provides higher accuracy; longer temporal range; higher resolution (0.1 x 0.1 degrees); and time varying AOD to PM2.5 relationships, necessary for appropriate representation of trends.

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Polygon layer for SSA areas.

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Inter-annual Mean seasonal turbidity imagery - Each image represents one calendar month

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Chinese County-Level Data on Hospitals and Epidemiology Stations, 1950-1985 consists of hospital and epidemiological station data for the administrative regions of China from 1950 to 1985. The data includes name and years of operation at a scale of one to one million (1:1M) at the county level. This dataset is produced in collaboration with the University of Washington as part of the China in Time and Space (CITAS) project and the Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN).

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This digital dataset contains the surface-water network for the Central Valley Hydrologic Model (CVHM). The Central Valley encompasses an approximate 50,000-square-kilometer region of California. The complex hydrologic system of the Central Valley is simulated using the USGS numerical modeling code MODFLOW-FMP (Schmid and others, 2006). This simulation is referred to here as the CVHM (Faunt, 2009). Utilizing MODFLOW-FMP, the CVHM simulates groundwater and surface-water flow, irrigated agriculture, land subsidence, and other key processes in the Central Valley on a monthly basis from 1961-2003. The total active modeled area is 20,334 square-miles. The CVHM includes complex surface-water management processes. The hydrology of the present-day Central Valley and the CVHM model are driven by surface-water deliveries and associated groundwater pumpage. The Streamflow Routing Package (SFR1) is linked to MODFLOW-FMP to facilitate the simulated conveyance of surface-water deliveries. If surface-water deliveries do not meet the farm delivery requirement, the FMP invokes simulated groundwater pumping to meet the demand. The surface-water network represents a subset of the entire stream network in the valley. Even so, it covers about 3,000 kilometers of surface-water and is simulated using 208 stream segments that represent 2244 stream reaches, with 43 inflows and 66 diversion locations providing 64 routed and 41 non-routed deliveries. Most of these inflows are regulated by dams and most of the deliveries conveyed are through an extensive canal network. The routed deliveries are convyed through the simulated surface-water network, while the non-routed delivery conveyance typically occurs through small canals or diversion ditches and are not directly simulated. Much of the surface-water diversion and delivery information was compiled by the California Department of Water Resources (DWR) for 21 water-balance subregions (WBSs) covering the valley floor (C. Brush, California Department of Water Resources, written commun., February 21, 2007). The CVHM is the most recent regional-scale model of the Central Valley developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).The CVHM was developed as part of the USGS Groundwater Resources Program (see "Foreword", Chapter A, page iii, for details).

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CLIA requires all laboratories that examine materials derived from the human body for diagnosis, prevention, or treatment purposes to be certified by the Secretary of Health and Human Services. For many Americans, the accuracy of clinical laboratory test results can be a life or death matter. By the CLIA law, certificate of waiver (COW) laboratories perform only tests that are determined by FDA or CDC to be so simple that there is little risk of error.

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The Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map (DFIRM) Database depicts flood risk information and supporting data used to develop the risk data. The primary risk classifications used are the 1-percent-annual-chance flood event,the 0.2-percent-annual-chance flood event, Floodway, and areas of minimal flood risk. The DFIRM Database is derived from the JONES County Flood Insurance Study (FIS), the City of Espanola FIS, and the Village of Chama FIS flood hazard analyses performed in support of the Flood Insurance Studies and FIRMs, and new mapping data, where available. The Flood Insurance Studies and FIRMs are published by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The file is georeferenced to earth's surface using the Universal Transverse Mercator projection Zone 13 coordinate system referenced to the North American Datum of 1983. The specifications for the horizontal control of Base Map data files are consistent with those required for mapping at a scale of 1:6,000 and 1:12,000.

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The report covers the ecology of brown bears inhabiting the coastal plain and adjacent foothills and mountains of the northeastern portion of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Fifty brown bears Ursus arctos were captured between 23 June and 3 July 1982 and an additional 30 bears were captured between 28 May and 16 June 1983 in the coastal plain and adjacent foothills and mountains of the northeastern portion of the Arctic National While Refuge ANWR. Radiotransmitters were attached to total of 60 different bears during this time period and these bears were monitored through denning OctoberNovember in both years.

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This database contains weekly reports submitted by herring vessels with IVR reporting requirements.

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The Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map (DFIRM) Database depicts flood risk information and supporting data used to develop the risk data. The primary risk classifications used are the 1-percent-annual-chance flood event, the 0.2-percent-annual- chance flood event, and areas of minimal flood risk. The DFIRM Database is derived from Flood Insurance Studies (FISs), previously published Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs), flood hazard analyses performed in support of the FISs and FIRMs, and new mapping data, where available. The FISs and FIRMs are published by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

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The Minnesota Valley NWR trapping plan outlines trapping areas, species, regulations, equipment, and seasons. This plan will allow harvest of a renewable natural resource without adverse impacts on furbearer populations or other Refuge resources. Trapping operations will not interfere with nontarget species.

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In the United States, the whooping crane Grus americana was listed as threatened with extinction in 1967 and endangered in 1970 both listings were grandfathered into the Endangered Species Act of 1973. Whooping cranes occur only in North America. They currently exist in the wild at 3 locations and in captivity at 9 sites. The February 2006 total wild population was estimated at 338.The whooping crane breeds, migrates, winters, and forages in a variety of habitats, including coastal marshes and estuaries, inland marshes, lakes, ponds, wet meadows and rivers, and agricultural fields. Historic population declines resulted from habitat destruction, shooting, and displacement by activities of man. The recovery goal is to establish multiple selfsustaining populations of whooping cranes in the wild in North America, allowing initially for reclassification to threatened status and, ultimately, removal from the List of Threatened and Endangered Species. The wild whooping crane population is characterized by low numbers, slow reproductive potential, and limited genetic diversity. Therefore, the recovery strategy involves: protection and enhancement of the breeding, migration, and wintering habitat for the AransasWood Buffalo National Park Population AWBP to allow the wild flock to grow and reach ecological and genetic stability; reintroduction and establishment of selfsustaining wild flocks within the species historic range and that are geographically separate from the AWBP to ensure resilience to catastrophic events; and maintenance of a captive breeding flock to protect against extinction. Offspring from the captive breeding population will be released into the wild to establish these populations.

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Voice Communications consist of landlines and cellular phones, and equipment replacement.