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This data has achieved Bronze level on 25 October 2015 which means this data makes a great start at the basics of publishing open data.

Advanced Water Purification System For In Situ Resource Utilization Project

Summary

Type of release
a one-off release of a single dataset

Data Licence
Not Applicable

Content Licence
Creative Commons CCZero

Verification
automatically awarded

Release Date
9 April 2015
Modified Date
8 July 2015
Publishers
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Keywords
completed, kennedy-space-center, project
Identifier
advanced-water-purification-system-for-in-situ-resource-utilization-project
Landing Page
http://techport.nasa.gov/view/10618
Maintainers
John Falker jfalker@nasa.gov
Language
en-US

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Description

<p><span style="line-height:1.6em">Prior to electrolysis, the water generated as an intermediate product must be treated to remove absorbed hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids, byproducts derived from trace amounts of fluoride and chloride present in lunar regolith. In terrestrial applications, removal of chloride and fluoride from water is a relatively trivial process due to the availability of consumable adsorbents, or by utilizing other processes that require frequent regeneration. None of these processes are applicable in the lunar environment, however, where resources are scarce.</span></p><p>We previously studied Nafion, a commercially-available sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene polymer membrane, as an ISRU filtration material because it can continuously facilitate water transport and acid rejection without the need for replacement or regeneration. While Nafion showed promise as a filtration membrane, it was unable to remove sufficient quantities of contaminants, particularly fluoride, and would require very large membrane contact areas to generate appreciable quantities of clean water. Electrodialysis was chosen as an alternative water purification process for the present study, due to its extensive industrial pedigree and demonstrated ability to rapidly produce a clean water supply and concentrated waste brine.</p><p>Electrodialysis uses the principle of ion exchange. An electrodialysys stack contains alternating cation and anion exchange membranes between two electrodes, with fluid-containing channels between each. Initially contaminated feed (diluent) and initially clean waste (concentrate) solutions are passed through every other chamber as direct current is applied across the electrodes. Anionic contaminants in the diluent solution diffuse across the anion exchange membrane toward the anode (positively charged electrode), while cationic contaminants diffuse across the cation exchange membrane toward the cathode (negatively charged electrode). The ionic species become trapped in the concentrate solution, as the current directs anions toward cation exchange membranes through which they cannot diffuse, and vice-versa.</p><p>When dissolved in water, HCl and HF dissociate into their individual ionic species, i.e. H<sup>+</sup>, Cl<sup>-</sup> and F<sup>-</sup>. As a strong acid, HCl fully dissociates into its respective ions, while HF, a weak acid, only partially dissociates in an equilibrium process. It is therefore expected that HCl will rapidly and nearly completely diffuse from the diluent to the concentrate stream, while HF will diffuse into the concentrate stream more slowly, as the gradual removal of fluoride ions will allow more HF to dissociate and be removed from the diluent stream. It is also expected that as the ion concentration in the concentrate stream increases, osmotic pressure will drive water from the diluent to the concentrate stream over time, reducing the yield of clean water. As a result, experiments focused on optimizing both the quantity of chloride and fluoride ions removed from the diluent stream, and the rapidity of ion transfer.</p>

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This dataset has been created by US Government which means it is required to be in the public domain. However US copyright law only allows open access by US citizens, we have assumed the data is equivalently licensed as CC0 for the rest of the world as this is in the spirit of the US Government’s Open Data policy.

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