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This data set provides a single raster image containing the spatial distribution of aboveground live forest biomass of the Amazon basin. This product was derived using a methodology based on a combination of land cover map, remote sensing derived metrics, and more than 500 forest plots distributed over the basin (Saatchi, et al., 2007).The distributed map was produced in ENVI, in Tiff format and it contains forest biomass divided among 11 classes at 1 km spatial resolution with reasonable accuracy (better than 70%). Remote sensing and ground data used in this product were collected from 1990-2000. The Biomass map represents average biomass distribution over the Amazon basin over this period and was used to estimate the total carbon stock of the basin, including the dead and belowground biomass.

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This data set includes 16 zipped archives of shapefiles of cities, rivers and streams, roads, and study area boundaries of several Amazonian study sites: Altamira, Santarem, Bragantina, and Ponta de Pedras, in the state of Para, and 1 site at Machadinho D'Oeste, in the state of Rondonia. Data from Brazil were digitized from Instituto Nacional de Colonizacao e Reforma Agraria (INCRA) maps and other data from Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica (IBGE). These products were prepared in the 2000-2004 time period. The data of creation for the source material is unknown.

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This data set reports daily total precipitation data retrieved from Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) network for three stations near two Amazonian research sites: Altamira, and Santarem, from 1961-1998.Daily precipitation totals are provided in one comma-separated ASCII file for three stations in Para, including two sites in Altamira: Altamira City and on the Transamazon Highway at Km 100 near Medicilandia (operated by EMBRAPA); and, one site in Santarem: Taperinha. Data availability varies by station (sublocation): Altamira City from 1961-1990, Transamazon Km 100 from 1982-1998, and Taperinha from 1983-1992.

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This data set provides measurements of specific leaf area and monthly phenological observations for selected tree and vine species at the km 67 Seca Floresta site, Tapajos National Forest, Para, Brazil. The study site was part of a rainfall exclusion experiment that was conducted from 1999-2006 to develop an understanding of the physical processes driving the observed soil water dynamics at the site. Phenological observations were made from 2001-2004 in rainfall exclusion and control plots. In total, 3,224 leaves were observed across 223 individuals and 56 species. The phenological observations included the month and year when a given leaf was first observed fully expanded and last observed alive. Starting in July 2004 and continuing through January 2006, leaves that had been followed in the phenology study were sampled and leaf area and mass were determined and the specific leaf area was calculated.There are two comma-delimited data files with this data set.

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This data set includes aerosol optical thickness measurements from the CIMEL sunphotometer for 22 sites in Brazil during the period from 1993-2005. The AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) program is an inclusive federation of ground-based remote sensing aerosol networks established by AERONET and the PHOtometrie pour le Traitement Operationnel de Normalisation Satellitaire (PHOTONS) and greatly expanded by AEROCAN (the Canadian sunphotometer network) and other agency, institute and university partners. The goal is to assess aerosol optical properties and validate satellite retrievals of aerosol optical properties. The network imposes standardization of instruments, calibration, and processing. Data from this collaboration provides globally distributed observations of spectral aerosol optical depths, inversion products, and precipitable water in geographically diverse aerosol regimes. Three levels of data are available from the AERONET website: Level 1.0 (unscreened), Level 1.5 (cloud-screened), and Level 2.0 (cloud-screened and quality-assured). Data provided here are Level 2.0. There are 22 comma-delimited data files with this data set and one companion text file which contains the latitude, longitude, and elevation of the 22 sites.

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This data set provides Ecosystem Demography Model (ED) estimates of potential above-ground net primary production (NPP) (kg C/m2/y), potential average live biomass (kg C/m2), and potential average soil carbon (kg C/m2) for the Brazilian Amazon at 1 degree resolution. Ecosystem Demography Model predicts both ecosystem structure (e.g. above and below-ground biomass, vegetation height and basal area, and soil carbon stocks) and corresponding ecosystem fluxes (e.g. NPP, NEP, and evapotranspiration) from climate, soil, and land-use inputs. Estimates for the Brazilian Amazon include the effects of natural disturbances such as windthrow and fire, but do not include the effects of human land use. To produce these estimates, ED was forced with ISLSCP I data for 1987 and 1988 and averaged into a single average year (Moorcroft et al., 2001).The data are provided for the three estimates in both ASCII text and in NetCDF formatted files.

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This data set contains GIS coverages constructed from measurements taken of logged areas in Juruena, Mato Grosso. Classes include roads, skids trails, tree crowns, tree-fall locations, and block boundary (Asner et al., 2004). Coverages are in ArcInfo SHAPE format (*.shp), UTM projection, using the WGS84 datum.

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This data set reports methane (CH4) fluxes at the water-air interface and concentrations and isotopic signals of CH4 in the bubbles stirred up from the sediment in Tucurui and Samuel reservoirs in 2000 and 2001. Tucurui (deep) reservoir is located near Belem city in the Tocantins-Araguaia basin in the eastern Amazon. Samuel (shallow) reservoir is situated near Porto Velho city in the Jamari River, a tributary of the Madeira River in the western Amazon. Field samples were collected between June 2000 and September 2001. There are two comma-delimited ASCII data files in this data set. This study was carried out to identify differences in methane cycling between deep and shallow reservoirs (Lima, 2005). Isotopic and concentration analyses of methane in bubbles, dissolved in the water column, and emitted to the atmosphere demonstrate that water depth is critical regarding methane emissions from hydroreservoirs in the Amazon. Methanotrophic activities are greater in Tucurui (deep) while light isotopic methane is directly released from Samuel (shallow). Therefore, the methanotrophic layer of the deep reservoir is more efficient in oxidizing methane before reaching the atmosphere, since the quantity of methane in the sediments of the reservoirs were equivalent.

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This data set reports forest biophysical measurements from a rainfall exclusion experiment conducted at the km 67 Seca Floresta site, Tapajos National Forest, Brazil from 1998 to 2006. The purpose was to observe the potential effects of severe water stress on a humid Amazonian forest (Nepstad 2002). Data are reported for stem inventory, tree diameter at breast height (DBH) and height, dendrometer measurements of tree diameter growth increments, canopy density, leaf area index (LAI), and coarse and fine litter mass.The measurements were made monthly from September 28, 1998 through November 10, 2006. There are six comma-delimited data files (.csv), and one text file (.txt) with this data set.

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This data set reports the monthly record of inundated area, in square km, for six floodplain and open water regions in South America. The following floodplains were analyzed: (1) mainstem Amazon River floodplain in Brazil; (2) Llanos de Mojos (Beni and Mamore rivers) in Bolivia; (3) Bananal Island (Araguaia River) in Brazil; (4) Roraima savannas (Branco and Rupununi rivers) in Brazil and Guyana; (5) Llanos del Orinoco (Apure and Meta rivers) in Venezuela and Colombia; and (6) Pantanal wetland (Paraguay River) in Brazil. Flooded area was estimated at monthly intervals from December 1978 through August 1987 for the Amazon mainstem region and from January 1979 through August 1987 for the other five regions. Inundated area was determined from SMMR (Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer) passive microwave data. Area estimates include permanent open water as well as land subject to seasonal inundation. This data set contains five data files: two comma-delimited (.csv) ASCII data files providing the monthly inundation area values for six floodplain and open water regions in South America; a compressed (.zip) file providing seventeen ESRI Shape files for the region bounding polygons; and two .csv files providing information about the region bounding polygons and latitude/longitude verticies.

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This data set includes orthorectified Landsat ETM+ scenes across the Legal Amazon region. At least one scene is provided for each spatial tile, representing the most cloud-free retrievals from mid-1999 through late 2001 (Fig. 1). Dates are therefore not continuous but include scenes from July 8, 1999 to November 13, 2001. Data have been atmospherically corrected and orthorectified. The individual images should be highly useful as they include very little cloud cover, but they should not be mosaicked together since retrieval dates vary.Data files (and format) included for each scene are: six multispectral bands (tif), two thermal bands (tif), one panchromatic band (tif), two preview files (jpg), and one metadata file (txt). The individual Geotiff files have been g-zipped and subsequently all of the files for a scene have been g-zipped together for ordering convenience.

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This data set contains two files with vegetation data for five Amazonian sites: Altamira, Bragantina, Tome-Acu, and Ponta de Pedras, all in the state of Para, and Yapu, Colombia. One file describes vegetation composition and structure (basal area, biomass, species composition) with different land use histories for all five study sites; the second file describes more specific information about individual plant characteristics (family/species names, DBH, stem and total plant height) within each plot.

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This data set reports lake sediment texture and porosity, carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) content of surficial sediments, 210Pb-derived nutrient accumulation rates in sediments, and burial rates of C, N, and P in sediments at eleven locations in Lake Calado, Amazonas, Brazil. Field samples were collected between February 1982 and August 1984. There are eight comma-delimited ASCII data files with this data set.

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This data set contains GIS coverage constructed from measurements taken of four logged areas in Cauaxi, Para, Brazil. Logged areas were selectively harvested either using conventional logging techniques or using reduced-impact logging (RIL) techniques (Pereira et al., 2002). Two areas were harvested with each technique in 1996 and two additional areas were harvested in 1998. Coverage includes log decks (patios), roads, skids trails, tree-fall locations, and logging area (block) boundary. These field surveys were conducted as part of an investigation of canopy damage following selective logging by two different techniques (Asner et al., 2004).Coverage is in ArcInfo interchange format (*.e00). The geographic projection of the data is UTM zone 22, South WGS84 datum.

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This data set reports observations of fires in the vicinity of Maraba, Para, Brazil, from November 3-5th, 2001, and in Mato Grosso, Brazil, between Cuiaba and Alta Floresta, for July 12-15th, 2002. These ground-based data were collected by visual inspection from roads primarily during daylight hours. Data include fire position and time, estimates of fire size, and type of vegetation burned. There is one comma-delimited ASCII file with this data set.

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This data set provides a time series of calcium, magnesium, and potassium extracted from soil samples from a laboratory column extraction study conducted in 2002. Soils used in the columns were originally collected in 1998 in Fazenda Vitoria, a cattle ranch 6 km north of the town of Paragominas, Para, Brazil. The soils were from contrasting land uses of primary forest (mata), secondary forest (capoeira), or pasture (pasto). Water equilibrated with increasing concentrations of CO2 was used to extract cations from the soil columns. Data represent the time series of cation concentrations in the extract solutions as well as the total content of cations removed from the soils. There is one comma-delimited ASCII file with this data set.

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This data set reports the results of a study to measure soil emissions of the carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), and nitric oxide (NO) throughout an entire cropping cycle in (1) slash-and-burn and (2) chop-and-mulch prepared agricultural fields from 2001-2004. An adjacent 15-year-old fallow field with secondary forest vegetation served as the control. The study site is within the municipality of Igarape Acu, Para, Brazil, at the Experimental Farm of the Federal Rural University of Amazonia. Flux data are reported in one comma-separated file.

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This data set reports (1) concentrations of total, organic, and inorganic suspended solids; dissolved inorganic, and organic carbon; chlorophyll-a and (2) measurements of turbidity, ph, temperature, transparency, conductivity, and calculated carbon dioxide (CO2) in water samples collected from Lago Curuai (Lake Curuai), in the floodplain of the Amazon River south of Obidos, Para, Brazil. Approximately 70 stations were sampled during four phases of the hydrological cycle: receding (September 2003), low (November 2003), rising (February 2004), and high water (June 2004). There is one comma-delimited data file with this data set.

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This data set includes classified land cover transition maps at 30-m resolution derived from Landsat TM, MSS, ETM+ imagery and aerial photos of Altamira, Santarem, and Ponta de Pedras, in the state of Para, Brazil. The Landsat images were classified into several types of land use (e.g., forest, secondary succession, pasture, annual crops, perennial crops, and water) and subjected to change detection analysis to create transition matrices of land cover change. Dates of acquired images represent the most cloud-free image retrievals from 1970-2001 for each site and are therefore not continuous. There are 3 GeoTIFF files (.tif) with this data set.

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This data set provides the results of spectral reflectance (350 to 2,500 nm at 1-nm increments) and biophysical measurements on grass pastures in eight cattle ranches in the state of Rondonia, located in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon. The ranches are located near the cities of Porto Velho, Ariquemes, Ouro Preto, Ji-Parana, and Presidente Medici. Field measurements were collected in July and August 2003. The primary grass species sampled were Brachiaria brizantha and Brachiaria decumbens. Spectrometer measurements were taken at 5-m intervals along 100 m transects on the pastures - fourteen total transects. Vegetation was sampled at 20-m intervals along the transects. All standing biomass and litter on the soil surface were collected and separated into live and senesced biomass and then dried to calculate water content. Sixty-eight reflectance spectra coincided with grass biophysical samples.Note that the research was done on private lands in Rondonia, and to protect the privacy of those land owners no geographic information is associated with the reported measurements. Three data files are included: an ENVI spectral library file with reflectance data for 484 pasture sampling points, an ASCII comma-separated file with reflectance data for the 484 pasture sampling points, and an ASCII comma-separated file with the biophysical measurements.

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This data set reports monthly mean inundation areas (square kilometers) for four cover classes of Central Amazon wetlands habitat: Open water (OW), river channel (RC) class, macrophyte (MA) class, and a flooded forest (FF) class, which also incorporates a flooded shrub class. The full study area was a 1.77 million km2 quadrant covering the Central Amazon Basin. Inundation was also calculated from three subsets of this area: (1) covering only the Amazon/Solimoes River mainstem and (2) the Eastern and (3) the Western halves of this mainstem area. There is one comma-delimited ASCII data file in this data set.

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This data set includes bidirectional reflectance (BDR) spectra and water-quality data of floodplain lakes of the Solimoes and Negro Rivers in the central Amazon basin, Amazonas, Brazil. Samples and measurements were collected during July 2000 to August 2000. Bidirectional reflectance factors were recorded, at 3 nm intervals from 400 to 900 nm, concurrently with in situ measurements of water temperature and Secchi depth, and collection of samples for analysis of optically active components including total suspended solids, chlorophyll, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC).The lakes sampled were in the low-lying varzea of the Solimoes River ("varzea" is the local name for the floodplain formed by the overflow of white-water rivers) and igapo ("igapo" is the local name for the floodplain formed by the overflow of black-water rivers) of the Negro River.There are two comma-delimited data files with this data set.

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This data set includes measurements of dissolved nutrient and organic carbon concentrations, as well as dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, conductivity, turbidity, pH, and discharge from three streams located in mixed land use (crop fields, pastures, secondary vegetation, and forest) and two streams in entirely forested landscapes near Paragominas in the state of Para, Brazil. Stream water samples were collected during two different periods: 1) weekly from August 1999 to July 2001 at location Igarape 54, Station 5 and 2) monthly from April 2003 through October 2005 at all of the stations. The exact start date and suite of measurements vary by location. In addition, samples from precipitation collectors at the Paragominas Meteorological Station were measured for nutrient concentrations every two weeks from 1999 to 2001. There are two comma delimited ASCII data files with this data set.

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This data set reports on soil-atmosphere fluxes of trace carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, and nitric oxide (CO2, CO, N2O, NO) under various natural and manipulated land use conditions. The studies were conducted near Brasilia, Brazil in pastures and agricultural areas under a variety of management regimes and in more natural areas of cerrado (20-50% canopy cover) and campo sujo (open, grass-dominated), which were either burned every 2 years or protected from fire. Results provide data and relationships needed for regional trace gas models. There are nine comma-separated ASCII data files with this data set.

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This data set provides Landsat images of the county of Sao Francisco do Para located in the Bragantina region of Para, Brazil, the oldest agriculture frontier in Amazonia. These images are subsets for the municipio (county) and immediate region. There are seven GeoTIFF files (.tif) with this data set which includes two for July 24, 1984 multispectral scanner (MSS), one for June 21, 1994 thematic mapper Landsat 5 (TM5), three for July 13, 1999 thematic mapper Landsat 7 (TM7), and one TM for June 21, 1994.