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A map service on the www depicting Western Bark Beetle Strategy (WBBS) activities reported through the U.S. Forest Service FACTS database. Activities include forestlands treated using timber sales to achieve healthier conditions; forestland vegetation improved; forestland vegetation established; vegetation improved by treatment for noxious weeds or invasive plants and hazardous fuels treated to reduce the risk of catastrophic wildland fire. These activities address the three WBBS goals: human safety, forest recovery, and long-term forest resiliency.

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This data set represents the estimated area of land use and land cover from the National Land Cover Dataset 2001 (LaMotte, 2008), compiled for every catchment of NHDPlus for the conterminous United States. The source data set represents land use and land cover for the conterminous United States for 2001. The National Land Cover Data Set for 2001 was produced through a cooperative project conducted by the Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) Consortium. The MRLC Consortium is a partnership of Federal agencies (http://www.mrlc.gov), consisting of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the U.S. Forest Service (USFS), the National Park Service (NPS), the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), and the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). The NHDPlus Version 1.1 is an integrated suite of application-ready geospatial datasets that incorporates many of the best features of the National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) and the National Elevation Dataset (NED). The NHDPlus includes a stream network (based on the 1:100,00-scale NHD), improved networking, naming, and value-added attributes (VAAs). NHDPlus also includes elevation-derived catchments (drainage areas) produced using a drainage enforcement technique first widely used in New England, and thus referred to as "the New England Method." This technique involves "burning in" the 1:100,000-scale NHD and when available building "walls" using the National Watershed Boundary Dataset (WBD). The resulting modified digital elevation model (HydroDEM) is used to produce hydrologic derivatives that agree with the NHD and WBD. Over the past two years, an interdisciplinary team from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and contractors, found that this method produces the best quality NHD catchments using an automated process (USEPA, 2007). The NHDPlus dataset is organized by 18 Production Units that cover the conterminous United States. The NHDPlus version 1.1 data are grouped by the U.S. Geologic Survey's Major River Basins (MRBs, Crawford and others, 2006). MRB1, covering the New England and Mid-Atlantic River basins, contains NHDPlus Production Units 1 and 2. MRB2, covering the South Atlantic-Gulf and Tennessee River basins, contains NHDPlus Production Units 3 and 6. MRB3, covering the Great Lakes, Ohio, Upper Mississippi, and Souris-Red-Rainy River basins, contains NHDPlus Production Units 4, 5, 7 and 9. MRB4, covering the Missouri River basins, contains NHDPlus Production Units 10-lower and 10-upper. MRB5, covering the Lower Mississippi, Arkansas-White-Red, and Texas-Gulf River basins, contains NHDPlus Production Units 8, 11 and 12. MRB6, covering the Rio Grande, Colorado and Great Basin River basins, contains NHDPlus Production Units 13, 14, 15 and 16. MRB7, covering the Pacific Northwest River basins, contains NHDPlus Production Unit 17. MRB8, covering California River basins, contains NHDPlus Production Unit 18.

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Empirical and literature data on the resource utilization patterns of arctic fox Alopex lagopus and red fox Vulpes vulpes are evaluated to assess the potential for using red fox as biological control agents to eliminate arctic fox from the Aleutian Islands. A high degree of overlap in food, home range, and den site requirements suggests that if neutered red fox are introduced onto islands supporting arctic fox populations, they will effectively outcompete the arctic fox for access to these resources. Red foxes are apparently behaviorally dominant in areas of sympatry and are able to displace arctic foxes from preferred feeding and den sites. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in resource availability on islands with diverse topography, however, may permit coexistence of the two species. Additional field research is recommended to determine if red fox can completely exclude the arctic fox if introductions are made in sufficient numbers.

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Bathymetry of Lake Erie and Lake Saint Clair has been compiled as a component of a NOAA project to rescue Great Lakes lake floor geological and geophysical data and make it more accessible. This project is a cooperative effort between investigators at the NOAA National Geophysical Data Center's Marine Geology and Geophysics Division (NGDC/MGG), the NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL) and the Canadian Hydrographic Service(CHS). Bathymetric sounding data employed in compiling the one-meter bathymetry (National Geophysical Data Center, 1998) were collected over a 100-year period for purposes of navigation safety and nautical charting by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, the NOAA Coast Survey, and the Canadian Hydrographic Service. These bathymetric data, totaling several hundred thousand soundings, are separated four ways in existing archives: by whether they exist in digital form or reside only on paper sheets; and by whether they were collected by the U. S. or Canada. Final assembly of the new bathymetry has resulted from synthesis of bathymetric data from the four sources. Spacing of data control tracklines ranges from 500 to 2500 meters for the open lake and from 125 to 500 meters for nearshore areas. In preparation for bathymetric contouring, digital soundings were converted to metric units and computer plotted in color according to depth range. Contours in metric units were generated directly on overlays from paper sheets and then reduced to compilation scale and patched in. Compilation sheets were scanned and vectorized; and the resulting digital bathymetric contour data constitutes the primary product. The data were hand contoured by geomorphologists to capture and portray the maximum information available, resulting in a degree of detail not attainable with machine contouring and the density of available data. Bathymetric contours were prepared by geologists using sounding data contained in the paper archives at the scale of the survey sheets (scales ranging from 1: 100,000 to 1: 10, 000); or from sounding data contained in digital data bases at standard scales of either 1: 100,000 or 1: 50,000. Details concerning the methods of compilation are given in the western Lake Erie paper (Holcombe, et al., 1997). Bathymetric contours have been spatially reconciled with the NOAA Coast Survey nominal scale 1:80,000 digital vector shoreline, which by definition coincides with the Lake Erie low water datum, the zero-depth employed for bathymetric surveys and nautical charting.

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<p>To finalize a comprehensive NASA Cis-Lunar / Earth-Moon Libration Orbit Reference and Web Application begun using FY13 IRAD funding approved in May 2013. This GSFC reference will be available as a searchable web-based application to explore design options and generate essential trajectory data permitting both astrodynamics experts and non-experts (proposal teams and systems designers) to determine useable trajectories in the Earth-Moon (EM) system. It can be used by HQ management, JSC’s DSH habitat concept teams, HEOMD, and other analysis teams to develop designs without performing numerous time-consuming point designs or trades. Completing such a reference would maintain GSFC’s leadership role in EM libration orbit design and operations while providing other study teams with instant designs and quotes on mission design parameters such as delta-V (DV), propellant budgets, mission durations, launch requirements, and libration-orbit parameters. The related objectives of this study fall into four specific categories: detailed analysis of transfers; orbital maintenance and evolution; and application to a variety of other mission types, e.g. distant retrograde orbits useful for human exploration.</p><ul><li><strong><em>Provide Detailed Analysis of EM libration transfers</em></strong><em>:</em> This effort includes direct transfers, transfers using lunar gravity assist, and  transfers via multi-body dynamics (manifolds) to reach EM L<sub>1,2</sub> orbits. This analysis would cover the entire design space and complete trades for any and all transfers to/from EM L<sub>1</sub> and EM L<sub>2</sub> and transfers between them. The current design process can be painstakingly slow, especially for point design using numerical simulations. We will apply the successful IRAD Adaptive Trajectory Design (ATD) tool to assist in generating most of these designs. Working with Purdue University would allow us to generate complete families of transfers.</li><li><strong><em>Provide Stationkeeping and Evolution Analysis of all EM libration orbit types: </em></strong>This includes any orbit type (quasi-halo, halo, Lissajous, Lyapunov orbits, rectilinear, etc.). With the recent operational support of ARTEMIS, which maintained two spacecraft in both EM L<sub>1</sub>and EM L<sub>2 </sub>orbits, we implemented an optimal stationkeeping strategy that minimized DV requirements. But ARTEMIS represents only a subset of all possible orbits and constraints. We need to examine not only the stationkeeping of various EM orbit types, but also the perturbation effects of un-modeled or mis-modeled s/c properties such as momentum management and response to environmental conditions on our stationkeeping methods and navigation performance. The result of such a study would be to document ΔV budgets required for all EM libration orbit types, providing any team with ready access to critical mission planning data.</li><li><strong><em>Explore Lunar resonant orbits and Distant Retrograde Orbits</em></strong> (DROs). These orbit designs are becoming more popular with missions such as TESS using a resonant orbit and the Asteroid Return Mission using a DRO. These orbits can also have stable/unstable manifolds which we can apply to our design.</li><li><strong><em>Develop an Interactive Web Catalog. </em></strong>A development of a broadly useful NASA Cis-Lunar / Earth-Moon Libration online catalog necessary for use across NASA. Such an orbit reference does not currently exist. It will be populated by the analysis and algorithms from the objectives above.</li></ul>

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<p>Under this initiative, a prototype Ka-Band exciter and receiver are under development; suitable FPGAs that are lower power than the Virtex 5 but still compatible with a deep space environment are being surveyed with a goal of a lower power Iris V2 implementation; and a trade study is being conducted to determine under what conditions a CPU is needed and what software would run on it.</p>

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Mars Aqueous Processing System (MAPS) is an innovative method to produce useful building materials from Martian regolith. Acids and bases produced from the regolith are used to aid the preparation of metals (such as iron) and cement ingredients (such as lime and aggregate) for construction of habitats and infrastructure needed for early human colonization. As more regolith is processed, more acids and bases will be produced for use in manufacture of plastics, metals, polymers, and reagents useful for later, larger-scale human habitation. With the apparent abundance of water in certain locations on Mars, the proposed technology will enable the manufacture and fabrication of a variety of materials using only Mars indigenous materials with the use of processing equipment and catalysts brought from Earth. The proposed processing methods are capable of extracting and separating regolith constituents via aqueous extraction followed by selective precipitation based on solution pH and oxidation potential. Thermal treatments such as drying (to remove moisture), roasting (to remove volatile sulfate and chloride acid precursors), and oxide reduction (using hydrogen, carbon monoxide, or carbon derived from Martian water and atmosphere) are integrated with the aqueous extraction methods to manufacture the basic building materials required to facilitate human habitation.

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The CASTNET Download Data module allows users to select, view, and download CASTNET data (Raw, Aggregate, Modeled & Factual Data) based on user selections. CASTNET sites are located in or near rural areas and sensitive ecosystems collecting data on ambient levels of pollutants where urban influences are minimal. CASTNET, which was initiated in 1986, is able to provide data needed to assess and report on geographic patterns and long-term temporal trends in ambient air pollution and dry atmospheric deposition. CASTNET can also be used to track changes in measurements associated with climate change (such as temperature and precipitation).

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The data contain records of defendants in criminal cases filed in United States District Court before or during fiscal year 2010 and still pending as of year-end. The data were constructed from the Administrative Office of the United States District Court

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The Global Land Surface Temperature Databank contains monthly timescale mean, maximum, and minimum temperature for approximately 40,000 stations globally. It was developed as part of the International Surface Temperature Initiative. This is the global repository for all monthly timescale land surface observations from the 1800s to present and uses data deriving from sub-daily, daily, and monthly observations. It brings together data from more than 45 sources to create a single merged dataset. It will be used in the creation of various integrated global temperature resources, most notably Global Historical Climatology Network Monthly (GHCN-M) v4.

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Static Analysis for Automatic Differentiation Project

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Information about FDA-approved brand name and generic prescription and over-the-counter human drugs and biological therapeutic products. Drugs@FDA includes most of the drug products approved since 1939. The majority of patient information, labels, approval letters, reviews, and other information are available for drug products approved since 1998.

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The objective of this proposal is to demonstrate the feasibility of producing a wearable health monitoring system for the human body that is functional, comfortable, bendable in 3 dimensions, durable, water-proof, washable, and light-weight. This new technology area of wearable health systems, sometimes referred to as smart-clothing, promises to allow for a secondary human nervous system that connects various different electronic devices positioned on or around the human body. As the shrinking in size and weight of electronic circuits has progressed, it is now possible for the modern human astronaut to carry increasing numbers of different electronic devices and sensors such as thermometers, gas monitors, microphones, altimeters, digital processors, digital memory, and push-button controls. These devices allow the astronaut to access data about their current environment and health status, and communicate with other astronauts and/or databases to send and receive information of value. As the variation in the number of devices and sensors that can be deployed increases greatly, a new technology is required to allow the seamless integration of these devices with the human astronaut so that the devices can be electrically powered, operated, re-charged, and communicate with each other over a digital pathway.

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Digital orthographic imagery datasets contain georeferenced images of the Earth's surface, collected by a sensor in which object displacement has been removed for sensor distortions and orientation, and terrain relief. Digital orthoimages have the geometric characteristics of a map, and image qualities of a photograph. (Source: Circular A-16, p. 16) This data set contains imagery from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP). The NAIP acquires digital ortho imagery during the agricultural growing seasons in the continental U.S. A primary goal of the NAIP program is to enable availability of ortho imagery within one year of acquisition. The NAIP provides two main products: 1 meter ground sample distance (GSD) ortho imagery rectified to a horizontal accuracy within +/- 5 meters of reference digital ortho quarter quads (DOQQ's) from the National Digital Ortho Program (NDOP) or from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP); 1 meter GSD ortho imagery rectified within +/- 6 meters to true ground. The tiling format of NAIP imagery is based on a 3.75' x 3.75' quarter quadrangle with a 300 meter buffer on all four sides. The NAIP imagery is formatted to the UTM coordinate system using the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83). The NAIP imagery may contain as much as 10% cloud cover per tile. This file was generated by compressing NAIP imagery that cover the county extent. Two types of compression may be used for NAIP imagery: MrSID and JPEG 2000. Target value for the compression ratio is (15:1).

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Monthly averages of atmospheric vertical profiles estimates and VMR for atmospheric species are provided at 2 deg. lat. X 4 deg. long. spatial grids and at a subset of TES std. pressure levels. Algorithms for deriving TES L3 data provided in data files. (Suggested Usage: Image maps of L3 data at different pressure levels provide quick views of the global distributions of TES species retrievals. Data usages for science investigations need to reference the algorithms for deriving TES L3 data.)

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Implements agency TRM. Temporary. OFFICE OF CHIEF INFORMATION OFFICER (NPO-400).

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BOUNDARY LAYER PUMPED PROPULSION Project

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This annual narrative report for Horicon National Wildlife Refuge outlines Refuge accomplishments during the 1996 calendar year. The report begins with a summary of the years highlights and weather conditions. Land acquisition is covered. The report includes a planning section which discusses the management plan and research and investigations. Refuge administration is outlined; information about personnel, youth programs, manpower programs, volunteer programs, funding, and safety is given. Habitat management is also covered; subjects include wetlands, grazing, haying, fire management, pest control, and private lands. The wildlife section of the report discusses wildlife diversity, endangered and threatened species, waterfowl, marsh birds and waterbirds, shorebirds, raptors, game mammals, marking and banding, and disease control. The public uses of the Refuge described in this report include outdoor classrooms, interpretive programs, hunting, fishing, trapping, wildlife observation, outdoor recreation, and law enforcement. The equipment and facilities section of the report provides information about rehabilitation, equipment replacement, communication systems, computer systems, and energy conservation. Economic uses of the Refuge and items of interest are provided at the end. Refuge brochures and field guides are attached.

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Patz Materials and Technologies proposes to develop a unique structural cellular core material to improve mechanical performance, reduce platform weight and lower the production costs for rotorcraft platforms. The performance of any rotorcraft will be inherently dependent on the flight weight of that structure. The goal of Patz Materials and Technologies is to combine their experience of resin/fiber reinforced composite materials with their core fabrication technology to create a new and novel cellular core material for the advancement of the rotorcraft industry. To achieve this goal Patz Materials and Technologies proposes to work directly with a rotorcraft producer, Bell Helicopter, to quantify the specific physical requirements of cellular core structures applied to rotorcraft platforms. The outcome of this partnership will allow Patz Materials and Technologies to develop a unique structural prepreg based cellular core to optimize performance versus weight. A small amount of the core will be fabricate and physically tested to validate its significance.

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GOES Precipitation Index (GPI) is a precipitation estimation algorithm. The GPI technique estimates tropical rainfall using cloud-top temperature as the sole predictor. The daily data are available from October 1996.

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Silicided niobium alloy (C103) combustion chambers have been used extensively in both NASA and DoD liquid rocket propulsion systems. Niobium alloys offer a good combination of temperature capability, density, and cost, while the silicide coating has been successful in providing moderate oxidation resistance and use temperature. However, for many current applications the silicide coating is now proving to be the limiting factor in achieving the required chamber performance and/or lifetime, and the chamber manufacturing cost is excessive. NASA is seeking advanced bipropellant propulsion systems for Earth science spacecraft and space exploration vehicles, while DoD is seeking economical and high-performance bipropellant thrusters for liquid divert and attitude control systems in kinetic energy kill vehicles for ballistic missile defense (a high-volume application). These goals cannot be achieved using standard silicided C103 chambers. In this project, Ultramet proposes to develop and demonstrate a combustion chamber with substantially improved manufacturability, cost, and performance. In Phase I, Ultramet successfully demonstrated both improved chamber manufacturing and a more robust and higher performance oxidation-resistant coating as a replacement for the silicide. This was accomplished through a unique manufacturing process involving low temperature spray deposition of C103 on removable plastic mandrels produced by rapid prototyping. Thin vapor-deposited platinum coatings were shown to substantially improve oxidation resistance relative to the standard silicide coating. In Phase II, Ultramet will expand upon the Phase I results by performing a comprehensive optimization of the combustion chamber processing including mandrel development, cold-spray material/process optimization, and oxidation-resistant coating optimization. Performance will then be demonstrated through hot-fire testing.

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The Performance and Operational Web-Enabled Reports (POWER) system is a state-of-the-art data warehouse containing data on Veterans Health Administration (VHA) performance metrics that are obtained daily from the individual Veterans Health Information Systems and Technology Architecture (VistA) systems.The POWER system was developed to measure the key performance indicators across VHA facilities and is helping to improve VHA's Medical Care Collections Fund (MCCF) revenue operational performance by providing accurate, reliable, and up-to-date performance measure information. POWER leverages a data warehouse to maintain data used in VHA performance measure calculations. The site provides Web-based analytical reporting capabilities, allowing users to view data by dimensions, such as, National, Consolidated Patient Account Center (CPAC), Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN), or Station locations and by month. The data can also be displayed in tables, graphs and spreadsheets. It should be noted that POWER is not an accounting system; rather, it is a strategic and operational performance reporting system.The POWER system supports VHA's efforts to improve its revenue business operations by providing accurate and reliable performance information on the following metrics: Collections, Gross Days Revenue Outstanding (GDRO), Percentage of Accounts Receivable (AR) Greater than 90 Days, Days to Bill, Total Billings, Percentage of Collections to Billings, and Cost to Collect. POWER is VHA's revenue performance metric dashboard monitoring system that tracks MCCF performance by National, CPAC, VISN and Station.

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The Floodplain Mapping/Redelineation study deliverables depict and quantify the flood risks for the study area. The primary risk classifications used are the 1-percent-annual-chance flood event, the 0.2-percent-annual- chance flood event, and areas of minimal flood risk. The Floodplain Mapping/Redelineation flood risk boundaries are derived from the engineering information Flood Insurance Studies (FISs), previously published Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs), flood hazard analyses performed in support of the FISs and FIRMs, and new mapping data, where available. The FISs and FIRMs are published by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).

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NOAA CoastWatch distributes near real time wind divergence data originating with wind velocity measurements from the ASCAT instrument onboard EUMETSAT's ASCAT satellite. ASCAT is a microwave scatterometer designed to measure surface winds over the global ocean. Wind velocity is processed to wind divergence by NOAA CoastWatch.

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A lack of methods for sex control (i.e., controlling the differentiation/development of the gonads) is a major impediment to robust growth and sustainability of marine aquaculture and is important in two ways: 1) Sterile fish are highly desirable due to biosafety concerns associated with escapement of farmed fish from net pens where they could genetically contaminate wild stocks. 2) All-female aquaculture production of species such as sablefish should improve growth rates because females grow larger than males. The purpose of this project is to determine when sablefish gonads normally differentiate into ovaries or testes and to establish methods to control this process. This research is being conducted by NWFSC FTEs, a contractor, and a University of Washington undergraduate student. The process of normal gonadal differentiation is being studied at the morphological level with histology and at the molecular level using a cutting-edge technique known as Next-Generation Sequencing. Cultured sablefish are also being treated with hormones (estrogen and testosterone) delivered via the diet during early development to determine the window when sex can be controlled in this species. After maturation, fish treated with hormones will also enable us to reveal for the first time the sablefish sex-chromosome system (e.g., XX/XY as in humans?). Some of these fish will also be useful in strategies to produce all-female stocks in a natural manner for aquaculture. This research is expected to produce a description of early sexual development in sablefish, including criteria for distinguishing the sexes with histology, data on the timing of sexually-dimorphic growth, sequences for genes expressed in differentiating ovaries and testes of sablefish, sex-specific molecular markers, and ultimately all-female and/or sterile stocks of sablefish to test in the aquaculture setting. It is important to note that research on sex control in sablefish would apply in many ways to other candidate marine aquaculture species. This ongoing project is critical to the development of sustainable aquaculture in the United States. Furthermore, information related to basic reproductive biology (age, size and timing of sexually dimorphic growth and maturation) and genetics is important to stock assessment and management of valuable, wild sablefish stocks in the North Pacific. Data on the expression of various genes in the gonads of sablefish during sex differentiation are collected.