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The Natural Resource Protection and Child Health Indicators, 2012 Release, are produced in support of the U.S. Millennium Challenge Corporation as selection criteria for funding eligibility. These indicators are successors to the Natural Resource Management Index (NRMI), which was produced from 2006 to 2011 and was based on the same underlying data. Like the NRMI, the Natural Resource Protection Indicator (NRPI) and Child Health Indicator (CHI) are based on proximity-to-target scores ranging from 0 to 100 (at target). The NRPI covers 235 countries and is calculated based on the weighted average percentage of biomes under protected status. The CHI is a composite index for 175 countries derived from the average of three proximity-to-target scores for access to improved sanitation, access to improved water, and child mortality. The 2012 release includes a consistent time series of NRPIs and CHIs for 2006 to 2012.

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ABSTRACT: Monthly biomass dynamics data (NPP) for the CPER Pawnee grassland site

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ABSTRACT: NPP, biomass dynamics, climate, soils

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The Second Generation Airborne Precipitation Radar (APR-2) is a dual-frequency (14 GHz and 35 GHz), Doppler, dual-polarization radar system that includes digital, real-time pulse compression, extremely compact RF electronics, and a large deployable dual-frequency cylindrical parabolic antenna subsystem. This system measures radar reflectivity and doppler velocity at both the Ku- and Ka-band.

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ABSTRACT: NPP, biomass dynamics, climate, soils

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The Population, Landscape, And Climate Estimates, Version 2 (PLACE II) dataset contains estimates of national-level aggregations of territorial extent and population size by biome, climate zone, coastal proximity zone, elevation zone, and population density zone, a compendium of nearly 300 variables for 228 countries. This dataset is produced by the Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN).

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ABSTRACT: Monthly biomass dynamics data (NPP) for the Badkhyz grassland site

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ABSTRACT: Monthly biomass dynamics data (NPP) for the Canas grassland site

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This data set contains the originally-submitted observation measurement data, terrestrial biosphere model output data, and inverse model simulations that various investigator teams contributed to the North American Carbon Program (NACP) Regional Synthesis activities. The data set provides nine (9) data packages of remote sensing and ground observation measurements (OM) (MODIS gross primary productivity (GPP), MODIS net primary production (NPP), MODIS fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (fPar), MODIS leaf area index (LAI), MODIS enhanced vegetation index (EVI), MODIS normalize difference vegetation index (NDVI), Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) forest biomass, National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) crop NPP, and Flux Anomaly). The data set also provides data packages of simulation results from 19 terrestrial biosphere models (TBM) and eight (8) inverse models (IM). The data packages are respectively OM, TBM, and IM data files listed in Tables 4-6. Each OM, TBM, and IM data package contains all of the original data (and documentation, if any) that the NACP Modeling and Synthesis Thematic Data Center (MAST-DC) acquired or received. These originally-submitted data were processed by the MAST-DC to produce the three standardized gridded data sets of carbon flux for inter-comparison purposes (see Related Data Products below). These original data and documentation are provided to allow users of the standardized gridded data products to be able to trace back to the data origins when needed. The Data Center (ORNL DAAC) transformed some of the originally-submitted data files to file formats that are more suitable for long-term archiving. For example, *.xlsx files were saved as *.csv, ERDAS Imagine files were converted to GeoTIFFs, and MATLAB files were converted to GeoTIFF and NetCDF formats as appropriate. Files received in NetCDF, GeoTIFF, and HDF formats were not transformed.

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This data set provides estimates of above- and below-ground biomass, above- and below-ground NPP (ANPP and BNPP), and total NPP(TNPP) for selected North American and Eurasian boreal forests located between 66.37 degrees N and 47.5 degrees N. Each stand was selected through a review of published literature and classified into one of three classes, depending upon completeness of NPP budget, ancillary site data, and stand information. Within the overall 1965-1995 temporal range, data available for individual sites varies widely.There are two ASCII files (comma-separated-value format) of NPP data. The first file provides carbon distribution in above- and below-ground vegetation biomass, above- and below-ground net primary production, and mean annual biomass increment for twenty-four (24) Class I sites which have complete NPP budgets (ANPP + BNPP). Information about site characteristics and NPP measurement approaches are also provided. The second file provides stand information, carbon distribution in above-ground vegetation biomass, and ANPP data for forty-five (45) Class II boreal forest stands that have incomplete NPP budgets. Revision Notes:Above- and below-ground biomass, ANPP, and TNPP values for several sites have been corrected to agree with primary published sources and related data sets. The temporal coverage for both has been corrected to agree with primary published sources. Please see the Data Set Revision section of this document for detailed information.

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ABSTRACT: This data set provides the results of time-series analyses of Landsat imagery for 55 selected forested sites across the conterminous U.S.A. The output is a pair of disturbance data products for each site, one showing the first year of disturbance in the time series, the other showing the last year of disturbance. Each data pixel is labeled as either a static land class (persistent non-forest, persistent forest, or persistent water) or with the year of change for disturbed forest pixels. The time period analyzed is approximately 1984-2009.These forest disturbance data are distributed as a single band GeoTiff, with appropriate projection information defined within the file. The analyses were performed in three phases: 5 sites during the Prototype/Focal phase; 23 sites in Phase I; and 27 sites in Phase II. The spatial resolution of the Prototype/Focal and Phase I data is 28.5 meters. The spatial resolution of the Phase II data is 30 meters. The temporal resolution is nominally biennial. The mapped area for each forested site is approximately 185 km x 185 km. There are a total of 110 GeoTiff files - a first year and a last year disturbance file for each of the 55 sites.

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ABSTRACT: NPP, biomass dynamics, climate, soils

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The Nenana river in the Interior of Alaska usually freezes over during October and November. The ice continues to grow throughout the winter accumulating an average maximum thickness of about 110 cm, depending upon winter weather conditions. The Nenana River Ice Classic competition began in 1917 when railroad engineers bet a total of 800 dollars, winner takes all, guessing the exact time (month, day, hour, minute) ice on the Nenana River would break up. Each year since then, Alaska residents have guessed at the timing of the river breakup. A tripod, connected to an on-shore clock with a string, is planted in two feet of river ice during river freeze-up in October or November. The following spring, the clock automatically stops when the tripod moves as the ice breaks up. The time on the clock is used as the river ice breakup time. Many factors influence the river ice breakup, such as air temperature, ice thickness, snow cover, wind, water temperature, and depth of water below the ice. Generally, the Nenana river ice breaks up in late April or early May (historically, April 20 to May 20). The time series of the Nenana river ice breakup dates can be used to indicate climate change in the region.

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ABSTRACT: NPP, biomass dynamics, climate, soils

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This data set provides the results of time-series analyses of Landsat imagery for 55 selected forested sites across the conterminous U.S.A. The output is a pair of disturbance data products for each site, one showing the first year of disturbance in the time series, the other showing the last year of disturbance. Each data pixel is labeled as either a static land class (persistent non-forest, persistent forest, or persistent water) or with the year of change for disturbed forest pixels. The time period analyzed is approximately 1984-2009.These forest disturbance data are distributed as a single band GeoTiff, with appropriate projection information defined within the file. The analyses were performed in three phases: 5 sites during the Prototype/Focal phase; 23 sites in Phase I; and 27 sites in Phase II. The spatial resolution of the Prototype/Focal and Phase I data is 28.5 meters. The spatial resolution of the Phase II data is 30 meters. The temporal resolution is nominally biennial. The mapped area for each forested site is approximately 185 km x 185 km. There are a total of 110 GeoTiff files - a first year and a last year disturbance file for each of the 55 sites.

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This data set contains two files (comma-separated-value format). One file provides components of net primary productivity, standing biomass, age and stand structure, and litterfall data for 11 stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in the Tomsk Region of Russia (approx. 58 N 83 E). The second file contains data for the same types of variables for three stands of Scots pine in the Irkutsk Region of Siberia (approx. 53 N 103 E). Field measurements were made in 0.3-0.4 ha forest plots between 1968 and 1974. The forest plots range in age from 25 to 122 years old. Tree biomass was determined from volume and density measurements and selective harvest. Understory and ground cover was harvested in 0.25m2 plots. Root mass has determined from harvested trees and soil monoliths. Wood increment was measured from annual rings. Root production was based on species-specific turnover rates. Leaf litterfall was measured in 0.5-1.0 m2 traps, and branch litterfall was estimated from 4.0 m2 plots. Revision Notes: The NPP data file has been split into two files, one for the Tomask forests and one for the Irkutsk forests. The data files have been revised to rearrange columns, add a total ANPP column, and correct previously reported data, where needed. Please see the Data Set Revisions section of this document for detailed information. The Net Primary Productivity (NPP) data collection contains field measurements of biomass, estimated NPP, and climate data for terrestrial grassland, tropical forest, temperate forest, boreal forest, and tundra sites worldwide. Data were compiled from the published literature for intensively studied and well-documented individual field sites and from a number of previously compiled multi-site, multi-biome data sets of georeferenced NPP estimates. The principal compilation effort (Olson et al., 2001) was sponsored by the NASA Terrestrial Ecology Program. For more information, please visit the NPP web site at http://daac.ornl.gov/NPP/npp_home.html.

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This data set provides estimates of Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) flux for the U.S. Upper Midwest at 0.5-degree resolution for the year 2007. Estimates were produced by two atmospheric CO2 inversion systems (top-down), referenced as the continental Colorado State University (CSU) inversion and the mesoscale Pennsylvania State University (PSU) inversion. This modeling work was performed in support of the North American Carbon Program (NACP) Mid-Continent Intensive (MCI) experimental campaign in the U.S. Upper Midwest designed to evaluate innovative methods for CO2 flux inversion and data assimilation. The experiment was performed over a relatively flat, heavily managed agricultural landscape which features a high density of atmospheric CO2 observation measurements. Among the CO2 observations used by the inversion systems were results from a network of instrumented tall towers in the region. The NEE estimates were produced for comparison with CO2 fluxes derived from bottom-up inventory estimates.There are five data files with this data set. The NEE estimates are provided in two NetCDF files, one for each inversion system. Boundary CO2 inflow data used by each inversion system are provided in three comma-separated-format files (.csv).

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The Population, Landscape, And Climate Estimates, Version 2 (PLACE II) dataset contains estimates of national-level aggregations of territorial extent and population size by biome, climate zone, coastal proximity zone, elevation zone, and population density zone, a compendium of nearly 300 variables for 228 countries. This dataset is produced by the Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN).

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The NAMMA Langley Aerosol Research Group Experiment (LARGE) dataset is data collected from in situ aerosol sensors: condensation nuclei counters, optical particle spectrometers, an aerodynamic particle sizer, multi-wavelength particle-soot absorption photometers, and integrating nephelometers. These instruments measure aerosol number density, aerosol size distribution, total scattering and backscattering coefficients.

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The Natural Resource Management Index (NRMI), 2009 Release is a composite index for 171 countries derived from the average of four proximity-to-target indicators for eco-region protection, access to improved sanitation, access to improved water and child mortality. The 2009 release of the NRMI includes time series NRMIs for 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009. Note that the time series for 2006-2008 is not directly comparable to earlier releases of the NRMI owing to changes in data and methods. The dataset is produced and distributed by the Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) in collaboration with the Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy (YCELP), Yale University. (Suggested Usage: To assist in the country selection process for the Millennium Challenge Account by providing indicators of natural resource management that complement the governance, social, and economic indicators.)

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ABSTRACT: This data set provides an integrated collection of (1) ground-based meteorological, radiometric, and vegetation measurements, (2) flux-based estimates of gross primary production (GPP), and (3) numerous vegetation indices derived from satellite imagery for three eddy covariance flux tower locations near Lincoln, Nebraska, USA. Land use surrounding the towers is cropland with corn and soybeans. Data are reported for selected days during the growing seasons of 2001 through 2008 only when ground-based crop canopy reflectance was measured. Algorithms developed to relate ground-based and satellite spectral information to GPP of the cropland adjacent to the towers are provided. AmeriFlux tower-based Level 2 measurements included photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), heat flux, and GPP estimates; see Section 2 for specific towers.Ground-based measurements on the corn and soybean vegetation surrounding the towers included total chlorophyll content (Chl) and leaf area index (LAI). Ground-based crop canopy reflectance was measured at 5.4 m above the corn and soybean canopy using hyperspectral radiometers (range 400 to 1100 nm) during the growing season from May to October in eight different years (2001-2008). This resulted in 173 measurement campaigns (18 in 2001, 31 in 2002, 34 in 2003, 31 in 2004, 21 in 2005, 15 in 2006, 14 in 2007, and 9 in 2008). Spectral bands from Landsat TM and ETM+, MERIS , and MODIS instruments were used to calculate vegetation indices. Vegetation indices related to chlorophyll can be used as a proxy for GPP because of the observed close relationship between GPP and Chl content in crops. Algorithms developed to relate spectral information to the GPP of the cropland adjacent to the towers are provided as companion files.

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The Population, Landscape And Climate Estimates (PLACE) dataset contains estimates of national-level aggregations of territorial extent and population size by biome, climate zone, coastal proximity, elevation and slope, a compendium of nearly 300 variables for 222 countries. This dataset is produced by the Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN).

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The Natural Resource Management Index (NRMI), 2009 Release is a composite index for 171 countries derived from the average of four proximity-to-target indicators for eco-region protection, access to improved sanitation, access to improved water and child mortality. The 2009 release of the NRMI includes time series NRMIs for 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009. Note that the time series for 2006-2008 is not directly comparable to earlier releases of the NRMI owing to changes in data and methods. The dataset is produced and distributed by the Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) in collaboration with the Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy (YCELP), Yale University. (Suggested Usage: To assist in the country selection process for the Millennium Challenge Account by providing indicators of natural resource management that complement the governance, social, and economic indicators.)

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ABSTRACT: This data set provides high precision and high accuracy atmospheric CO2 data from seven instrumented communication towers located in the U.S. Upper Midwest. The overall sampling period was from January 2007 through December 2009 although actual sampling dates vary within this time period for individual towers and sampling heights above ground level. The measurements were obtained in support of the North American Carbon Program (NACP) Mid-Continent Intensive (MCI) campaign.The sampling network included: the five Ring 2 towers (Centerville (Iowa), Galesville (Wisconsin), Kewanee (Illinois), Mead (Nebraska), and Round Lake (Minnesota)) deployed and operated by PSU; the Missouri Ozarks (Missouri) co-located AmeriFlux site (PSU/Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)); and the Rosemount (Minnesota) tall tower trace gas observatory (University of Minnesota, Rosemount Research and Outreach Center (RROC)). Hourly CO2 dry mole fractions (in ppm) were averaged from measurements made at different above-ground levels on the towers and are reported in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). For the five Ring 2 sites, daily daytime average CO2 dry mole fractions were also calculated, from hourly values between 12:00-17:00 local standard time and reported in UTC. There are seven compressed (.zip) data files and one comma-separated (.csv) file with this data set. Data quality flags are provided in each file.

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ABSTRACT: The data provided are annual land cover projections for years 2005 through 2095 generated by the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM) Version 3.1. For the conterminous USA, the GCAM global gridded results were downscaled to ~5.6 km (0.05 degree) resolution. For each 5.6 x 5.6 km area, the annual land cover percentage comprised by each of the nineteen different land cover classes/plant functional types (PFTs) of the Community Land Model (CLM) (Table 1) are provided.Results are reported for GCAM runs of three scenarios of future human efforts towards climate mitigation as related to global carbon emissions, radiative forcing, and land cover change. Specific scenario conditions were 1) a reference scenario with no explicit climate mitigation efforts that reaches a radiative forcing level of over 7 W/m2 in 2100, 2) the 2.6 mitigation pathway (MP) scenario which is a very low emission scenario with a mid-century peak in radiative forcing at ~3 W/m2, declining to 2.6 W/m2 in 2100, and 3) the 4.5 MP scenario which stabilizes radiative forcing at 4.5 W/m2 (~ 650 ppm CO2-equivalent) before 2100.These downscaled land cover projections can be used to derive spatially explicit estimates of potential shifts in croplands, grasslands, shrub lands, and forest lands in each future climate scenario.Data are presented as three NetCDF v4 files (.nc4), one for each future climate scenario -- 2.6 MP, 4.5 MP, and GCAM reference).