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Úroveň certifikace: bronzová úroveň 22 October 2015 Co to v praxi znamená: Datová sada splňuje základní požadavky na otevřená data.
Contaminants as contributing factors to wood frog abnormalities on the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska
Shrnutí
- Co poskytovatel nabízí?
- a one-off release of a single dataset
- Databázová licence
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- Licence na obsah
- Creative Commons CCZero
- Způsob ověření
- ověřený automaticky
- Datum vydání
- 24 April 2014
- Datum poslední změny
- 27 August 2015
- Vydavatel
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior
- Klíčová slova
- abnormalities, environmental-contaminants-investigation, frogs, intersex, ocs, trace-elements, uv-light, water-quality
- Identifier
- contaminants-as-contributing-factors-to-wood-frog-abnormalities-on-the-kenai-national-wild
- Landing Page
- http://catalog.data.gov/dataset/contaminants-as-contributing-factors-to-wood-frog-abnormalities-on-the-kenai-national-wild
- Maintainers
- Richard Easterbrook richard_easterbrook@fws.gov
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Popis
Amphibian abnormalities and diseases are not well understood, and appear to be increasing while global populations decline. OBJECTIVES: The goals of this study were to identify stressors associated with amphibian abnormalities on the Kenai Refuge and assess whether anthropogenic factors contributed to these abnormalities. METHODS: Between 2004 and 2006, we assessed 38 breeding sites for prevalence of abnormal wood frogs. We chose 21 ponds for more intensive study, measuring the following variables known to cause abnormalities in amphibians: UVB, temperature, basic water quality, contaminants, and abundance of predatory invertebrates. On a subset of frogs, we assessed gonadal structure, DNA integrity, and biomarkers of genetic damage, and identified and enumerated parasites. We analyzed field data with logistic regression, using AIC to compare competing models. RESULTS: Of 5,716 metamorphic wood frogs examined, 450 7.9 had skeletal or eye abnormalities. We documented 558 abnormalities in these 450 abnormal frogs because frogs often had more than one abnormality. Over 25 abnormality types were seen. The four most common were micromelia small limb, ectromelia truncated limb, amelia no limb, and unpigmented iris. We found evidence for two diseases of conservation concern, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a fungal pathogen responsible for global amphibian population declines, and an undescribed protozoan, quite virulent in Kenai study populations. We also observed intersex frogs, 41 of 163 frogs 25 examined had abnormal gonadal morphology. None of the 448 frogs assessed for parasites were infected with the abnormalityinducing trematode, Ribeiroia ondatrae. We quantified predatory invertebrates in study sites, including dragonfly larvae, damselfly larvae, water beetles, leeches, and spiders. Organic and inorganic contaminants exceeded toxic thresholds in study site sediments. PCBs were found in every pond, and DDT was higher than toxic thresholds in four sites. Arsenic, iron, selenium, cadmium, copper, and nickel were all higher than toxic thresholds in sediments, and barium, iron, cadmium, and copper surpassed thresholds in water. In statistical analyses, we identified dragonflies, toxic metals, and temperature as predictors for skeletal abnormalities and malformations. Metals that correlated with skeletal abnormalities included arsenic, cadmium, copper, and selenium in sediment and barium, iron, potassium, and lead in water. Environmental factors predictive of disease were temperature, acidity, metals, and total dissolved solids. Controlled experiments showed toxicity but not teratogenicity from abiotic site media. DISCUSSION: We propose the ultimate cause of skeletal abnormalities in Kenai wood frogs is amputation injury, probably by dragonfly larvae. The significant effects of metals and temperature in our statistical analyses suggest one or both of these factors may be disrupting the normal predatorprey relationship between dragonflies and wood frogs. Contaminants in sediment may slow development or interfere with normal predator detection and avoidance strategies. Warmer temperatures may increase abundance of dragonfly larvae or change the timing of dragonfly presence relative to tadpole growth. Higher temperatures and poor water quality were positively associated with disease. Two initial hypotheses for the intersex condition are high temperatures and PCBs, both previously shown to cause endocrine disruption in amphibians. Anthropogenic disruption of climate and consequent high temperatures appear linked to three of the four abnormality types we documented. These temperature effects may be particularly significant in the face of further predicted global change.
Obecné informace
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Dokumentace
http://catalog.data.gov/dataset/contaminants-as-contributing-factors-to-wood-frog-abnormalities-on-the-kenai-national-wild Do you think this data is incorrect? Let us know
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Poskytovatel
US Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior Do you think this data is incorrect? Let us know
Právní informace
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Právní prohlášení
http://catalog.data.gov/dataset/contaminants-as-contributing-factors-to-wood-frog-abnormalities-on-the-kenai-national-wild Do you think this data is incorrect? Let us know
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Under which licence can people outside the US reuse this data?
Creative Commons CCZero Do you think this data is incorrect? Let us know
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Obsah chráněný autorským právem
yes, and the rights are all held by the same person or organisation Do you think this data is incorrect? Let us know
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Creative Commons CCZero Do you think this data is incorrect? Let us know
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nehraje roli, data se netýkají fyzických osob Do you think this data is incorrect? Let us know
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http://catalog.data.gov/organization/fws-gov Do you think this data is incorrect? Let us know
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data časem zastarají, ale mají časové razítko Do you think this data is incorrect? Let us know
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Technické informace
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URL datové sady
http://ecos.fws.gov/ServCatFiles/reference/holding/21597?accessType=DOWNLOAD Do you think this data is incorrect? Let us know
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standardizovaný, otevřený Do you think this data is incorrect? Let us know
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http://catalog.data.gov/dataset/contaminants-as-contributing-factors-to-wood-frog-abnormalities-on-the-kenai-national-wild Do you think this data is incorrect? Let us know
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Zpětná vazba k publikovaným datovým sadám
http://www.data.gov/issue/?media_url=http://catalog.data.gov/dataset/contaminants-as-contributing-factors-to-wood-frog-abnormalities-on-the-kenai-national-wild Do you think this data is incorrect? Let us know