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<p>AIM 1. Refine ultrasound probes to detect, reposition, and fragment kidney stones. Task 1.1. Select imaging probe for stone repositioning. Clinical trials are underway with the C5-2 probe of ISS Ultrasound 1. Awaiting delivery of probe to be used with NASA FUS-GDU. Task 1.2. Custom design probe to image, reposition, and fragment stones. Developed and tested probe. Integrating probe with FUS and modifying imaging portion to be smaller.</p><p> </p><p>AIM 2. Validate probes to visualize, reposition, and fragment stones. Task 2.1. Validate capability to displace an obstructing stone. Pursuing initial test in current clinical trial and applying for follow-on trial. Pre-clinical investigations of safety and effectiveness conducted with upgraded outputs. Task 2.2. Validate capability to displace a ureter stone. Followed schedule and did not pursue in year 1. Task 2.3. Validate capability to comminute a stone. Invented, patented, and reported burst wave lithotripsy BWL. Appears to have faster comminution than SWL, comminute stones that are difficult to break with SWL, have effectiveness and safety feedback, and be operable in a safe range. Task 2.4. Validate capability to expel a stone attached to tissue. Enhanced outputs and developed BWL to address this task. Testing underway.</p><p> </p><p>AIM 3. Refine and validate imaging to guide therapy. Task 3.1. Refine and validate capability to measure stone size. Reported and patented significant enhancement with our technology and technique. Task 3.2. Refine capability to localize a stone. Initiated clinical validation now at the end of year 1. Task 3.3. Refine and validate capability to detect a ureter stone. Followed schedule and did not pursue in year 1.</p><p> </p>