Shrnutí

Popis

This apparatus, developed at EL, determines gasification rate (mass loss rate) of a horizontally oriented specimen exposed in a nitrogen environment to a controlled radiant heat flux from a cone-shaped heater. These non-flaming conditions allow the condensed-phase gasification processes to be de-coupled from complicating gas-phase processes; permit a better estimate of the actual incident heat flux that is producing the fuel gas; and provide a much better view of surface phenomena (e.g., bubbling, charring) during degradation. The cylindrical chamber is 0.61 m in diameter and 1.70 m in height. Two windows provide optical access. The chamber's interior walls are blackened and water cooled to 25 EC to minimize indirect heating of the specimen. The cone-heater temperature is usually fixed at 809 EC to maintain a constant emission spectrum. Changing the distance between the sample and heater can vary incident heat flux to the sample between approximately 25 kW/m 2 and 70 kW/m 2. A water-cooled shutter is extended to protect the sample from the incident heat flux prior to testing: it also can be used to quickly halt the exposure at any time to "freeze" the remaining sample for subsequent chemical/physical analysis. Flux levels vary approximately 8-10% across a 0.1 m diameter specimen. Product and ambient gases are removed via an exhaust duct by a constant nitrogen flow of 7.7 l/s at 25 EC. Degradation products can be collected above the specimen's surface and condensed in a cold trap for further chemical analysis. Load cell data are taken every 0.5 s with an uncertainty less than 1% over a 100 g range. Specimens instrumented with thermocouples also can be accommodated. Specifications / Capabilities: The gasification apparatus usually is used to study the effects of fire-retardant additives on condensed-phase reactions in synthetic polymers; the data generated provide insight into the chemical and/or physical mechanisms responsible for improved flammability. In addition, the heat of gasification of the specimen, a necessary property for mathematical modeling of the gasification process, can be determined from the data.

Shrnutí

Popis

Manufacturers are creating pigments with new and unique appearance attributes. For example, gonioapparent materials such as metallic and pearlescent coatings exhibit differences in their perceived color with changes in the illumination or viewing angle, or both. These coatings are very important to the generation of many unique effects used in the printing of currency, formulation of cosmetics, and application of paint to automobiles. The continued appeal of these novel materials to consumers will ensure that they will attract an increasingly larger fraction of the color pigment market. These gonioapparent properties require exceptional processing conditions and characterization methods, which are different from the traditional single-geometry methods. The necessary set of measurement geometries is determined by the complexity of the scattering mechanisms present in these coatings. The successful use of these special-effect paints requires repeated measurements of the optical reflectance properties of the coatings as a function of incident and viewing angle to ensure that the paint application is performed correctly, is reproducible between manufacturing plants, is consistent over time, and can be replicated during a repair. The five-axis goniometer at NIST can measure the spectral reflectance of colored samples over a wide range of illumination and viewing angles. This capability is important for the colorimetric characterization of complex surfaces, such as gonioapparent coatings or retroreflective surfaces. The illumination is provided by a monochromator with a spectral resolution of 0.05 nm between 360 nm and 780 nm. The sample can be moved about 3 different axes, allowing illumination and viewing for any direction within the hemisphere about the sample, including grazing angles, with accuracy better than 0.01° for each axis. The fundamental quantity for bi-directional reflectance measurements is the bi-directional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), from which the reflectance factor and color values can be calculated. The absolute BRDF is calculated from measurements of the incident and the reflected radiant fluxes obtain by rotating the detector arm. Three detection systems have been implemented on the receiver arm of the five-axis goniometer. The first system is a single element silicon diode combined with monochromatic illumination. An aperture at a precise distance defines the collected solid angle. An off-axis parabolic mirror focuses the flux collected from a wide field on the sample area onto the detector area. The detector consists of a temperature-controlled silicon photodiode. The transimpedance amplifier in the detector operates over gain settings ranging from 10 2 V/A to 10 10 V/A. The modulated signal received by the radiometer is converted to a dc signal and is digitized by a lock-in amplifier. To validate the single element Si photodiode detection system, a comparison with the NIST Spectral Tri-function Reference Reflectometer (STARR) has been carried out. STARR is the national reference instrument for spectral bi-directional reflectance measurements of spectrally neutral, non-fluorescent samples at room temperature. The in-plane BRDF of SP01 has been measured on both instruments at λ = 550 nm with unpolarized light for three different directions of illumination (0°, 30° and 60°) and reflective directions from -80° to 80° at 5° increments. The two instruments agree within 0.5 % in the region where each instrument has an uncertainty smaller than 0.2 %. A second system, a fiber-coupled CCD array spectrometer with a white illumination source, has been added to the goniospectrometer. Unlike the first system, the array spectrometer measures the entire spectrum simultaneously, dramatically decreasing the acquisition time. The third system, a CCD imaging camera used with white light or monochromatic illumination, has been added to the detection capabilities. The imaging capabilities will allow the development of metrics to describe visual aspects that are currently judged by human observers in the manufacturing process. An example is distinctiveness of image (DOI) for various types of paints.

Shrnutí

Popis

Materials Engineering and Research Laboratory (MERL) occupies 3½ acres of Building 56 in the Denver Federal Center, Reclamation's research facility. MERL has the facilities to test concrete, concrete reinforcement, metals, plastics, geotextiles, coatings, and other materials. Tests include physical properties, corrosion, durability, environmental, and drying and shrinkage. Explore this site further to learn more about our facilities, services, partnerships, publications, and research in coatings, corrosion, concrete and geotechnical engineering

Shrnutí

Popis

Survey of the southeastern Hawaiian Ridge was the fifth major segment of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) mapping program to have been initiated. Data acquisition for this region required approximately one-half year and were acquired during eight cruises over a four year period from 1986 through 1989, skipping 1987. At the conclusion of the survey 29 mosaics of a 2 degree by 2 degree were completed for the region. As in earlier EEZ reconnaissance surveys, the USGS utilized the GLORIA (Geological LOng-Range Inclined Asdic) sidescan-sonar system to complete the geologic mapping. The collected GLORIA data were processed and digitally mosaicked to produce continuous imagery of the seafloor. A total of twenty-seven digital mosaics of a 2 degree by 2 degree area and 2 mosaics of 2.25 degree by 2 degree with a 50-meter pixel resolution were completed for the region.

Shrnutí

Popis

NIST has established an absolute aperture area measurement facility for circular and near-circular apertures use in radiometric instruments. The facility consists of the aperture area instrument, which is housed in the Advanced Measurement Laboratory (AML). The instrument is based on non-contact, video microscopy. Apertures with nominal diameters ranging from 0.5 mm to 50 mm, with both knife and flat edges, can be measured. The measurement is made by locating the edge points along the internal aperture circumference and using fitting routines to determine the geometric aperture area. The instrument consists of a broadband light source (white light with green pass filter), a Kohler illuminator, an air bearing-supported open-frame XY stage with a heterodyne laser interferometer feedback system for XY-axis positioning, a Z-axis translation stage carrying a microscope with long working distance objectives, a digital CCD camera and a control computer. The optical and mechanical components are supported on a granite base and vertical bridge structure mounted on a vibration-isolated optical table. A 10-cm diameter circular opening at the center of the base allows the Kohler illuminator to illuminate the sample from below. The base carries the XY stage and the interferometer and the bridge structure carries the Z-axis stage. Characterization of the whole system and all its components were initially performed and only minor periodic recalibration and alignment are necessary. Below is a table of the sources of uncertainty in area measurements in this facility. Two examples, a 5 mm and 50 mm diameter aperture, and the typical values of each component encountered in measuring these aperture sizes, are shown. Uncertainties 2.5 mm radius 25 mm radius Source Quantity u(R) u(R)/R u(A)/A u(R) u(R)/R u(A)/A Random + form 50 nm 5.00E-5 2.00E-5 4.00E-5 5.00E-5 2.00E-6 4.00E-6 Sys. stage 2.6E-6*2R 1.30E-5 5.20E-6 1.04E-5 1.30E-4 5.20E-6 1.04E-5 Sys. imaging 4 nm 4.00E-6 1.60E-6 3.20E-6 4.00E-6 1.60E-7 3.20E-7 Thermal change 0.3*10E-6*R 7.50E-6 3.00E-6 6.00E-6 7.50E-5 3.00E-6 6.00E-6 Geometry θ=0.3 3.42E-5 1.37E-5 2.74E-5 3.43E-4 1.37E-5 2.74E-5 TOTAL (k=1) 6.69E-5 2.67E-5 5.35E-5 4.40E-4 1.76E-5 3.52E-5 TOTAL (k=2) 1.34E-4 5.35E-5 1.07E-4 8.79E-4 3.52E-5 7.03E-5 Specifications / Capabilities: This aperture facility can routinely measure circular apertures with diameters from 0.5 mm to 50 mm. It may be able to accommodate up to 80 mm diameter apertures, which is close to the limits of linear stage travel. Non-circular apertures can be also measured but may require additional research work. The facility is also equipped with a touch probe stylus for apertures with a long vertical edge (land). Scientific Opportunities / Applications: This vision-based dimensional metrology system is flexible enough to look at dimensional metrology of irregularly-shaped system provided optical contrast is adequate.

Shrnutí

Popis

In March 1983, President Ronald Reagan signed a proclamation establishing an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the United States extending its territory 200 nautical miles from the coasts of the United States, Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. territories and possessions. In 1984, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Office of Marine Geology began a program to map these areas of the EEZ. The U.S. Pacific Coast was the first EEZ region to be mapped and launched GLORIA (Geological LOng-Range Inclined Asdic) mapping program. The area covered by this survey extended from the Mexican to the Canadian borders and from the continental shelf edge, at about the 400-meter bathymetric contour, to 200 nautical miles from the coast. Survey of the U.S. Pacific West Coast EEZ was completed in four consecutive cruises conducted from late April through mid-August 1984. The collected GLORIA data were processed and digitally mosaicked to produce continuous imagery of the seafloor. A total of 36 digital mosaics of an approximate 2 degree by 2 degree (or smaller) area with a 50-meter pixel resolution were completed for the region.

Shrnutí

Popis

Cressington 208 HR Gold Sputter Coater

Shrnutí

Popis

Description: CORAL Name: XeF2 Silicon Etcher This system uses Xenon difluoride vapor to etch silicon Specifications / Capabilities: Pieces up to 6" wafers Silicon substrates allowed All other materials must be approved Glass and Silicon Substrates allowed Scientific Opportunities / Applications: Almost infinite selectivity of Silicon to photoresist, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, and Aluminum Utilizes Xenon Difluoride (XeF 2) in vapor phase

Shrnutí

Popis

This part of SIM 3281 presents data for folds for the geologic and geomorphic map (see sheet 10, SIM 3281) of the Offshore of Santa Barbara map area, California. The vector data file is included in "Faults_OffshoreSantaBarbara.zip," which is accessible from http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/OffshoreSantaBarbara/data_catalog_OffshoreSantaBarbara.html. This map area lies within the Western Transverse Ranges geologic province, which is north of the California Continental Borderland (Fisher and others, 2009). This province has undergone significant north-south compression since the Miocene, and recent GPS data suggest north-south shortening of about 6 mm/yr (Larson and Webb, 1992). The active, east-west-striking Pitas Point Fault (a broad zone that includes south-dipping reverse faults), Red Mountain Fault, and Rincon Creek Fault are some of the structures on which this shortening occurs (see, for example, Jackson and Yeats, 1982; Sorlien and others, 2000; Fisher and others, 2009). This fault system, in aggregate, extends for about 100 km through the Ventura and Santa Barbara Basins and represents an important earthquake hazard (see, for example, Fisher and others, 2009). References Cited: Fisher, M.A., Sorlien, C.C., and Sliter, R.W., 2009, Potential earthquake faults offshore southern California from the eastern Santa Barbara channel to Dana Point, in Lee, H.J., and Normark, W.R., eds., Earth science in the urban ocean--The Southern California Continental Borderland: Geological Society of America Special Paper 454, p. 271-290. Jackson, P.A., and Yeats, R.S., 1982, Structural evolution of Carpinteria basin, western Transverse Ranges, California: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 66, p. 805-829. Larson, K.M., and Webb, F.H., 1992, Deformation in the Santa Barbara Channel from GPS measurements 1987-1991: Geophysical News Letters, v. 19, p. 1,491-1,494. Sorlien, C.C., Gratier, J.P., Luyendyk, B.P., Hornafius, J.S., and Hopps, T.E., 2000, Map restoration of folded and faulted late Cenozoic strata across the Oak Ridge fault, onshore and offshore Ventura basin, California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, p. 1,080-1,090.

Shrnutí

Popis

Description: CORAL Name: RTA This system uses 21-1200W lamps to control temperature ramps and steady state temperatures from 250 degrees to 1200 degrees C anneals Specifications / Capabilities: Silicon Wafers only Scientific Opportunities / Applications: Short time, high temperature anneals Growth of Silicon Dioxide Activate dopants after ion-implant CVD gass reflows Sintering

Shrnutí

Popis

NIST has developed a test facility for micro-combined heat and power (micro-CHP) devices to measure their performance over a range of different operating strategies and conditions. The facility was designed to test grid interconnected and grid independent systems with natural gas as the fuel and an AC electrical output less than 6 kW. The device's thermal load can be measured under steady-state conditions or against a simulated real-world load. The test facility can provide a steady thermal load at a specified flow rate and temperature or a realistic thermal load can be applied to the device, which can take the form of a forced-air or hydronic heating system. The test facility encompasses three rooms: an environmental chamber to simulate outdoor ambient conditions, an environmental chamber to simulate indoor ambient conditions, and a control room that houses the data acquisition and control system. Specifications / Capabilities: Once installed in the test facility, the micro-CHP device, its ambient environment, and the conditions of the heat transfer fluid can be controlled to perform a variety of tests. The outdoor environmental chamber houses the micro-CHP device, and it can vary the ambient temperature from -18°C to 40°C (0°F to 104°F) and the relative humidity from 20% to 100%. Any equipment that would typically be installed indoors, which includes domestic hot water storage, pumps, etc., is placed in the indoor chamber. The indoor environmental chamber has the full range of ambient temperatures and relative humidity as the outdoor chamber, but the conditions will be maintained at more typical indoor conditions. The test facility has a full suite of data acquisition equipment to measure the device's electrical output, thermal heat recovery, and fuel use. For electrical output to the existing grid, a power analyzer measures the true power, RMS voltage and current, and power factor. To simulate a system that is not connected to the electrical grid, an AC load draws and measures electrical power from the CHP system. A calorimeter continually monitors the heating value of the fuel entering the system. Thermocouples and platinum resistance thermometers measure the temperature rise of the water used for domestic hot water heating. A turbine and magnetic flow meter measure the flow of water for the domestic hot water system. With these values, all of the energy produced and consumed by the CHP can be determined.

Shrnutí

Popis

Description: CORAL Name: PECVD Need something here Specifications / Capabilities: From small size samples to 200 mm wafers No photoresist No plastic or PDMS Glass and Silicon Substrates allowed All other substrates need approval Scientific Opportunities / Applications: Low temperature film deposition Film types: Silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, oxi-nitride, and polysilicon Low stress films Inter-level metal isolation Masking layers

Shrnutí

Popis

The Udall lab is interested in genome evolution and cotton genomics.The cotton genus ( Gossypium) is an extraordinarily diverse group with approximately 50 species with a range of morphological, reproductive and vegetative characteristics. Approximately 1-2 MYA an African/Asian A-genome and an American D-genome species hybridized and from this single polyploidization event, six polyploid species independently evolved in the americas. Two of these species have been domesticated, one of which ( G. hirsutum)constitutes more than 95% of the worlds current cotton production. There is still much to be discovered on how genomes change during events like polyploidization and domestication. Not only does ourresearch increase our understanding of genome evolution, but can help us uncover the genetic causes and system-wide effects that underlie phenotypic change. This can be useful in cotton crop production and since many of our domesticated crops are polyploid (e.g., wheat and canola) other species too.

Shrnutí

Popis

In 1984, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Office of Marine Geology, launched a program using the Geological LOng-Range Inclined Asdic (GLORIA) sidescan-sonar system to study the entire U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). From 1988 through 1991, the USGS and IOS (Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, U.K.) scientists conducted several surveys within the U.S. EEZ off Hawaii. Nine surveys during that time period focused on the central Hawaii region. The results of these surveys were 24 digital mosaics of approximately a 2 degree by 2 degree area with a 50-meter pixel resolution.

Shrnutí

Popis

Sandy ocean beaches are a popular recreational destination, often surrounded by communities containing valuable real estate. Development is on the rise despite the fact that coastal infrastructure is subjected to flooding and erosion. As a result, there is an increased demand for accurate information regarding past and present shoreline changes. To meet these national needs, the Coastal and Marine Geology Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is compiling existing reliable historical shoreline data along open-ocean sandy shores of the conterminous United States and parts of Alaska and Hawaii under the National Assessment of Shoreline Change project. There is no widely accepted standard for analyzing shoreline change. Existing shoreline data measurements and rate calculation methods vary from study to study and prevent combining results into state-wide or regional assessments. The impetus behind the National Assessment project was to develop a standardized method of measuring changes in shoreline position that is consistent from coast to coast. The goal was to facilitate the process of periodically and systematically updating the results in an internally consistent manner.

Shrnutí

Popis

The JEOL JXA 8500f is a thermal field emission electron microprobe capable of performing quantitative X-ray microanalysis and secondary and backscattered electron imaging on a wide variety of samples. The state of the art electron column is capable of outputting high currents (typically 10 - 100 nA) at accelerating potentials from 1 to 30 keV. Using Probe for Windows software, the instrument is set up for automated analysis, making it possible to analyze dozens of samples overnight or over the weekend without operator intervention. The 8500f also has a rare 4 crystal silicon drift detector from Bruker AXS for energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDS). The Bruker SDD is capable of output count rates over 1,000,000 counts per second, and produces X-ray data at a resolution of 125 eV (Mn Kα). In addition to the EDS spectrometer, the system has 3 wavelength dispersive spectrometers (WDS) for high precision quantitative analysis of elements from carbon to uranium (Z = 6 - 92).The 8500f is primarily used for surface compositional analysis of materials such as thin films, ceramics, semiconductors, glasses and minerals. Paired with the highly focused electron beam, the system is also capable of determining the composition of individual particles. In addition, because of the high count rates possible with the Bruker SDD, heterogeneous materials such as meteorites, clinker, fly ash, alloys and geological specimens can be imaged and analyzed. Although the measurements often take significant time and care to set up, electron probe microanalysis is a highly precise, efficient method for determining the composition of a surface, and may truly be said to be the Chuck Norris of analytical electron probe instruments. Samples for the 8500f are often mounted in 2.54 cm (1 in) circular epoxy mounts. The samples must be polished and flat, and many have a 7 nm layer of carbon deposited onto the surface to improve conductivity. Insulating samples cannot be analyzed in the 8500f without a conductive coating. Many samples will deteriorate under the electron beam, so careful dosing strategies must be employed for biological, insulating and low atomic number samples. Specifications / Capabilities: Quantitative surface composition of elements from carbon to uranium Limits of detection between 10 and 100 ppm for most elements Ultra fast EDS detector for producing X-ray images of heterogeneous materials Imaging and X-ray analysis possible with accelerating potentials between 1 keV and 30 keV High resolution SE and BSE detectors for nano-scale imaging Scientific Opportunities / Applications: Compositional analysis of glasses, ceramics, thin films, minerals, and alloys High resolution imaging and compositional analysis of particles Analysis of cement and concrete samples Particle searching and identification for dust, ash and contaminated surfaces General surface chemistry and compositional analysis Microheterogeneity testing

Shrnutí

Popis

Program Capabilities Food Chemistry Laboratory ARL's Food Chemistry Laboratory consists of the Food Sanitation Laboratory, the Food Colors and Food Additives Laboratory, and the Counter Terrorism (CT) Chemistry Laboratory. The Food Sanitation Laboratory performs analyses for filth (includes insect and rodent) and decomposition (primarily seafood).The laboratory performs testing of drug residues in products of animal origin including residues in seafood, honey, and milk. The Food Chemistry Laboratory also tests dietary supplements and ingredient for toxic botanical constituents. Pesticide Laboratory Currently, a High Throughput Laboratory for pesticide analysis. ARL is the primary ORA dioxin testing laboratory Microbiology Laboratory The Microbiology laboratory consists of three teams tasked with analyzing a wide range of imported and domestic food and cosmetics for pathogens, indicator organisms and toxins using conventional and rapid molecular based technologies. It also specializes in analyzing low acid canned food products for evidence of microbial contamination and container integrity. Recently acquired DNA sequencing capacity for unknown pathogen identification and fish speciation to provide seafood safety and prevention of economic fraud. Specialized Capabilities ARL is collaborating with NCTR to establish capability for nanotechnology. ORA's mobile laboratories reside at ARL when they are not deployed. One of two Salmonella serotyping reference laboratories. (ARL and DEN-DO) BSL-2 suite with capabilities necessary to analyze samples containing potential CT agents. The only C. botulism and Paralytic Shellfish Poison mouse bioassay confirmatory lab. One of two laboratories with PFGE capacity in the BSL security lab for C. bot analysis in the event of C. bot outbreak investigation. (ARL and SRL)

Shrnutí

Popis

Program Capabilities KAN-DO Laboratory is fully equipped to perform the chemical analyses of food and drugs regulated by the agency. The laboratory has program capabilities for pesticide residues in human food and animal feeds; industrial chemical residues including perchlorates, melamine, and melamine analogs; toxic and nutritional elements in human food, animal feeds, and ceramics; mycotoxins including fumonisins, aflatoxins, patulin, ochratoxin and vomitoxin; dioxins; chemotherapeutics in shrimp and crab; and micro-analytical analyses. In the area of pharmaceutical analysis, KAN-DO Laboratory can provide a full range of compendial determinations on human drugs and analyze surveillance drug samples using both official and non-official methods, and has been performing research on and analyses of dietary supplements for most of the past decade. Specialized Capabilities KAN-DO Laboratory is the national servicing center for FDA's Total Diet Study (TDS), an ongoing surveillance program that originated in 1961. The laboratory is the central point in ORA for the planning, receipt, preparation, and analyses of approximately 280 food items common in the American diet, including infant/toddler foods. These items comprise each of four "Market Baskets" processed annually. Analyses performed by the laboratory include herbicides, fungicides, 15 toxic or nutritional elements, and approximately 750 pesticides and industrial chemicals. Most of these determinations are made at levels considerably lower - often in the low part-per-billion range. KAN-DO Laboratory also provides prepared samples to WEAC and ARL for analyses of radionuclides and dioxins, respectively. The Method Development Group, including the Total Diet and Pesticide Research Center, develops new methods and improves procedures for the determination of chemical residues in complex matrices including foods, animal feeds, and dietary supplements. The group is also responsible for bringing online new methods developed by other sources (e.g. FCC, NOAA). Current areas of research include improved and expanded methods for mycotoxins and chemotherapeutics, identification and quantitation of components of dietary supplements; and development of improved methods for the TDS including greater sensitivity, broader analytical coverage, and multi-residue techniques. KAN-DO Laboratory is one of the primary laboratories for the analysis of products for melamine and its analogs, particularly cyanuric acid. The laboratory has extensive experience with perse and complex matrices - both as prepared foods and inpidual components, and provides experienced analysts for the review of private laboratory results.

Shrnutí

Popis

This part of DS 781 presents data for the geologic and geomorphic map of the Offshore of Salt Point map area, California. The vector data file is included in "Geology_OffshoreSaltPoint.zip," which is accessible from http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/OffshoreSaltPoint/data_catalog_OffshoreSaltPoint.html. The morphology and the geology of the Offshore of Salt Point map area result from the interplay between local sea-level rise, sedimentary processes, oceanography, and tectonics. The offshore part of the map area extends from the shoreline to water depths of about 90 to 100 m on the mid-continental shelf; the shelfbreak occurs about 20 km farther offshore at water depths of about 200 m. The nearshore and inner shelf (to water depths of about 50 to 60 m) typically dips seaward about 1.0 to 1.5 degrees; the mid to outer shelf dips more gently, generally less than 0.5 degrees. Sea level has risen about 125 to 130 m over about the last 21,000 years (for example, Lambeck and Chappell, 2001; Peltier and Fairbanks, 2005), leading to broadening of the continental shelf, progressive eastward migration of the shoreline and wave-cut platform, and associated transgressive erosion and deposition. Land-derived sediment was carried into this dynamic setting, then subjected to full Pacific Ocean wave energy and strong currents before deposition or offshore transport. Tectonic influences impacting shelf morphology and geology are related to local faulting, folding, uplift, and subsidence (see below). Bedrock of the Eocene and Paleocene German Rancho Formation (unit Tgr) underlies much of the inner shelf, extending to water depths of as much as 60 m. Although onshore coastal outcrops of this unit are well bedded, seafloor outcrops imaged on high-resolution bathymetry have a hackly surface texture and abundant fractures. Embayments in the outer margin of the seafloor bedrock outcrops are commonly paired with the mouths of coastal watersheds and are inferred to have formed by fluvial erosion during the last sealevel lowstand. One of the more prominent embayments occurs about one kilometer north of Salt Point at the mouth of Miller Creek (fig. 1-2). These coastal watersheds are relatively small and steep, extending to a drainage divide just 2 to 3 km east of the shoreline, and are inferred sources of coarse-grained sediments. Immediately east of this onshore topographic divide, drainage along this part of the coast is captured by the northwest-flowing South Fork of the Gualala River (fig. 1-2), which runs parallel to the coast along the trace of the San Andreas fault. Given relatively shallow water depths (0 to about 50 m) and exposure to high wave energy, modern nearshore to mid-shelf sediments are mostly sand (unit Qms) and a mix of sand, gravel, and cobbles (units Qmsc and Qmsd). The more coarse-grained sands and gravels (units Qmsc and Qmsd) are primarily recognized on the basis of bathymetry and high backscatter. Both Qmsc and Qmsd typically have abrupt landward contacts with bedrock (unit Tgr) and form irregular to lenticular exposures that are commonly elongate in the shore-normal direction. Contacts between units Qmsc and Qms are typically gradational. Unit Qmsd forms erosional lags in scoured depressions that are bounded by relatively sharp and less commonly diffuse contacts with unit Qms horizontal sand sheets. These depressions are typically a few tens of centimeters deep and range in size from a few 10's of sq m to more than one sq km. Similar unit Qmsd scour depressions are common along this stretch of the California coast (see, for example, Cacchione and others, 1984; Hallenbeck and others, 2012) where surficial offshore sandy sediment is relatively thin (thus unable to fill the depressions) due to both lack of sediment supply and to erosion and transport of sediment during large northwest winter swells. Such features have been referred to as "rippled-scour depressions" (see, for example, Cacchione and others, 1984) or "sorted bedforms" (see, for example, Goff and others, 2005; Trembanis and Hume, 2011). Although the general areas in which both unit Qmsd scour depressions and surrounding mobile sand sheets occur are not likely to change substantially, the boundaries of the individual Qmsd depressions are likely ephemeral, changing seasonally and during significant storm events. The offshore decrease in slope at mid-shelf water depths (about 60 m) approximately coincides with a transition to more fine-grained marine sediments (unit Qmsf), which extends to the outer (3-nautical-mile) limit of California's State Waters. Unit Qmsf consists primarily of mud and muddy sand and is commonly extensively bioturbated. These fine-grained sediments are inferred to have been derived from from the Russian River, which has its mouth about 15 km south of the map area. Both Drake and Cacchione (1985) and Sherwood and others (1994) have documented seasonal, mid-shelf, northwest-directed, bottom currens capable of transporting fine-grained, suspended sediment from the Russian River to the Offshore of Salt Point map area. Map unit polygons were digitized over underlying 2-meter base layers developed from multibeam bathymetry and backscatter data (see Bathymetry--Offshore Salt Point, California and Backscattter--Offshore Salt Point, California, DS 781, for more information). The bathymetry and backscatter data were collected between 2006 and 2010. References Cited Cacchione, D.A., Drake, D.E., Grant, W.D., and Tate, G.B., 1984, Rippled scour depressions of the inner continental shelf off central California: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 54, p. 1,280-1,291. Drake, D.E., and Cacchione, D.A., 1985, Seasonal variation in sediment transport on the Russian River shelf, California: Continental Shelf Research, v. 14, p. 495-514. Goff, J.A., Mayer, L.A., Traykovski, P., Buynevich, I., Wilkens, R., Raymond, R., Glang, G., Evans, R.L., Olson, H., and Jenkins, C., 2005, Detailed investigations of sorted bedforms or "rippled scour depressions", within the Martha’s Vineyard Coastal Observatory, Massachusetts: Continental Shelf Research, v. 25, p. 461-484. Hallenbeck, T.R., Kvitek, R.G., and Lindholm, J., 2012, Rippled scour depressions add ecologically significant heterogeneity to soft-bottom habitats on the continental shelf: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 468, p. 119-133. Lambeck, K., and Chappell, J., 2001, Sea level change through the last glacial cycle: Science, v. 292, p. 679-686, doi: 10.1126/science.1059549. Manson, M.W., Huyette, C.M., Wills, C.J., Huffman, M.E., Smelser, G.G., Fuller, M.E., Domrose, C., and Gutierrez, C., 2006, Landslides in the Highway 1 corridor between Bodega Bay and Fort Ross, Sonoma County, California: California Geological Survey Special Report 196, 26 p., 2 plates, 38 maps, scale 1:12,000. Peltier, W.R., and Fairbanks, R.G., 2005, Global glacial ice volume and Last Glacial Maximum duration from an extended Barbados sea level record: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 25, p. 3,322-3,337. Sherwood, C.R., Butman, B., Cacchione, D.A., Drake, D.E., Gross, T.F., Sternberg, R.W., Wiberg, P.L., and Williams, A.J., III, 1994, Sediment transport events on the northern California continental shelf during the 1990-1991 STRESS experiment: Continental Shelf Research, v. 14, p. 1063-1099. Trembanis, A.C., and Hume, T.M., 2011, Sorted bedforms on the inner shelf off northeastern New Zealand-Spatiotemporal relationships and potential paleo-environmental implications: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 31, p. 203-214.

Shrnutí

Popis

Description: CORAL Name: Unaxis ICP Etcher Chlorine-based system utilizing Boron Trichloride and Chlorine to etch metals and III-V group materials on planar substrates up to 150 mm in diameter. Specifications / Capabilities: ICP: 2.0 MHz 250W RF: 13.56MHz 300W Gases: Cl 2, Ar, BCl 3, SF 6, O 2 Scientific Opportunities / Applications: Anisotropic etching of metal films Etches Chromium, Aluminum, and other Chlorine-based etchable metals Other materials etchable by SF 6, Ar, and O 2

Shrnutí

Popis

In 1984, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Office of Marine Geology, launched a program using the Geological LOng-Range Inclined Asdic (GLORIA) sidescan-sonar system to study the entire U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). From 1986 through 1989, the USGS and IOS (Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, U.K.) scientists conducted several surveys within the U.S. EEZ off Alaska. Four surveys during that time period (1986-1987) focused on the Bering Sea region. The results of these surveys were 30 digital mosaics of a 3 degree by 2 degree area with a 50-meter pixel resolution.

Shrnutí

Popis

The Quantum Electronics and Photonics Division utilizes a fully automated, dual-chamber molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) system for the growth of advanced, compound semiconductor heterostructures, composed of compounds based on GaAs, InP, and GaN, with sub-nanometer control of the film thicknesses. The MBE system is used to make nanostructures, including quantum dots and nanowires, and epitaxially layered structures, for the fabrication of lasers, photodetectors (including single photon detectors), light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and other devices for optoelectronic metrology. It is also used to grow test structures for optical, electrical, structural and mechanical measurements. The applications of the devices and structures produced by the MBE system include quantum cryptography and computing, quantum optical metrology, optical communications, nanoscale electromagnetic measurements of future-generation solar cells and LEDs, and sensors.

Shrnutí

Popis

This part of SIM 3261 presents data for the bathymetric contours for several seafloor maps (see sheets 1, 2, 3, 5 [in figs. 1, 2, 3], 7, 10, SIM 3261) of the Offshore of Carpinteria map area, California. The vector data file is included in "Contours_OffshoreCarpinteria.zip," which is accessible from http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/OffshoreCarpinteria/data_catalog_OffshoreCarpinteria.html. The bathymetry and shaded-relief maps of the Offshore of Carpinteria map area, California, were generated from bathymetry data collected by California State University, Monterey Bay, Seafloor Mapping Lab (CSUMB), by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and by Fugro Pelagos for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Joint Lidar Bathymetry Technical Center of Expertise. The southeastern nearshore and shelf areas, as well as the western midshelf area, were mapped by CSUMB in the summer of 2007, using a 244-kHz Reson 8101 multibeam echosounder. The western nearshore area, as well as the western outer shelf area, were mapped by the USGS in 2005 and 2006, using 117-kHz and 234.5-kHz SEA (AP) Ltd. SWATHplus-M phase-differencing sidescan sonars. The nearshore bathymetry and coastal topography were mapped for USACE by Fugro Pelagos in 2009, using the SHOALS-1000T bathymetric-lidar and Leica ALS60 topographic-lidar systems. All these mapping missions combined to collect bathymetry from the 0-m isobath to beyond the 3-nautical-mile limit of California's State Waters. A smooth arithmetic mean convolution function applying a weight of one-ninth to each cell in a 3-pixel by 3-pixel matrix was then applied iteratively to the grid ten times. Following smoothing, contour lines were generated at 10-m intervals, from -10 m to -100 m, and at 50-m intervals, from -100 m to -400 m, then the contours were clipped to the boundary of the map area.

Shrnutí

Popis

In 1984, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Office of Marine Geology, launched a program using the Geological LOng-Range Inclined Asdic (GLORIA) sidescan-sonar system to study the entire U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). From December 1990 through February 1991, the USGS and IOS (Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, U.K.) scientists conducted three surveys within the Johnston Atoll U.S. EEZ surrounding Johnston Island. The results of these surveys were 16 digital mosaics of a 2 degree by 2 degree area with a 50-meter pixel resolution.

Shrnutí

Popis

Sandy ocean beaches are a popular recreational destination, often surrounded by communities containing valuable real estate. Development is on the rise despite the fact that coastal infrastructure is subjected to flooding and erosion. As a result, there is an increased demand for accurate information regarding past and present shoreline changes. To meet these national needs, the Coastal and Marine Geology Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is compiling existing reliable historical shoreline data along open-ocean sandy shores of the conterminous United States and parts of Alaska and Hawaii under the National Assessment of Shoreline Change project. There is no widely accepted standard for analyzing shoreline change. Existing shoreline data measurements and rate calculation methods vary from study to study and prevent combining results into state-wide or regional assessments. The impetus behind the National Assessment project was to develop a standardized method of measuring changes in shoreline position that is consistent from coast to coast. The goal was to facilitate the process of periodically and systematically updating the results in an internally consistent manner.