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This population appears to be near nutritional carrying capacity based on the moderately high APC value, the levels of other parasites and pathologic conditions, and the general physical parameters of the animals. Currently, the herd does not appear to have any significant density related health problems, and we did not encounter any overtly diseased deer. The herd has moderate immunity to epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses, but prediction of future activity by the hemorrhagic viruses is not possible. Our data indicate that the herd can be maintained near its present density without undue risk of declines in herd health provided that habitat quality remains stable. Any significant increase in density can be expected to be accompanied by problems with a syndrome of parasitism and malnutrition. The physical parameters for this population are generally lower than those for the Yazoo National Wildlife Refuge animals, and my explanation for this is the higher soil fertility and more extensive availability of agricultural crops at Yazoo National Wildlife Refuge.

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The focus of the project was to inventory and map the natural communities and significant ecological resources of the study area, and to develop a longterm resource management plan for Crown Vantage lands that integrates silvicultural goals and needs with the conservation of wildlife habitat and other important ecological resources. The primary goals of this plan are to: 1 create and maintain balanced sizeclass distributions within each natural community to provide both a sustainable flow of timber products and a diversity of forest habitats, and 2 provide a high level of protection to aquatic and wetland habitats, uncommon natural communities, rare plants, and critical habitat features.

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In the September 2, 2003, Environmental Assessment, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Service considered the environmental effects of acquiring 4,004 acres 1 in Jefferson and Whitefield, New Hampshire, and adding them to the Pondicherry Division, a Special Focus Area for resource protection within the Silvio O. Conte National Fish and Wildlife Refuge NFWR. The Environmental Assessment also contains preacquisition Compatibility Determinations to allow the continuation of wildlifedependent and compatible public uses, such as hunting, fishing, wildlife observation and photography, and environmental education and interpretation. A range of issues and concerns were identified during the public involvement process. These were considered in conjunction with refuge purposes, the purpose of and need for the proposal, and the refuge goals and objectives in developing alternatives and evaluating their impacts. Copies of the.Environmental Assessment documents were sent to the eight landowners within the proposed acquisition area, as well as those landowners adjacent to the project. Copies were also sent to local and State officials, Congressional representatives, and all individuals who requested copies of the documents.

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Monthly Estimation of Waterfowl use, specifically Marsh and Water Birds.

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This presents the results of two separate Ruffed Grouse drumming survey routes conducted in May of 2007 on the Nulhegan Basin of the Silvio O. Conte National Wildlife Refuge.

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Nesting females were monitored on the beach between Sandbridge and the North Carolina state line by personnel from the Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge BBNWR. On 11 July 1993 an emerging female was allowed to complete nesting, was constrained to prevent escape, then weighed and measured Photograph 1. A satellite transmitter Telonics model ST6 was affixed to the carapace of the turtle with plastic resin, a noninvasive procedure Photographs 2 and 3. We have utilized this methodsuccessfully on over 15 turtles Keinath, 1993. The turtle was then released at BBNWR that morning Photograph 4, and movements and behavior were monitored until the transmitter failed on 28 July 1993. Travel routes were plotted and distances traveled and movement speeds were calculated. Diving behavior was described from data collected by 5 sensors on board the transmitters.

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Attached is a final summary of subject matter based on forms received through 4885

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Refuge hunting for the 1998 season included whitetailed deer and feral hogs only. The State of Virginias Department of Game Inland Fisheries VDGIF maintains a policy of permitting deer hunting on an established deer herd. The presence of the deer herd requires hunting of that herd, especially if the habitats supporting that herd are lowquality poor soils and limited forage. The Refuge supports this State policy. The current hunting areas at Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge meet this policy standard. An established deer herd has been existing within very limited, substandard barrier island habitats. This herd has been open to hunting since 1986. The feral hog is also open to hunting. It is not a naturally occurring wildlife species here. Instead, it is often considered a pest that consumes valuable wildlife food, disrupts wildlife habitat and threatens the dike system slopes with erosion damage where they root.

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Below ground processes, such as fine root demography and soil water redistribution, can alter carbon, nutrient and water cycles in terrestrial ecosystems. Although these processes are known to differ significantly across broad spatial scales and plant functional types, little is known about the differences among species in narrow geographical scales. Studies were conducted in a group of five tree species that grow in the sandhills of the fallline region of southeastern United States. Four Quercus species Q. laevis, Q. incana, Q. margaretta and Q. marilandica and the longleaf pine Pinus palustris cooccur in areas of intermediate fertility, but have different distribution along soil resource gradients. Species differences in fine root demography and hydraulic lift were studied by growing roots of adult trees in field rhizotrons and recording fine root production, death and lifespan and the water potential of the soil near the roots. The effect of variation in resource availability water and nutrients on fine root demography was also studied in greenhouse studies using seedlings. The species able to colonize xeric habitats Q. laevis and Q. incana exhibited fine roots with greater longevity but lower rates of production, death and percent mortality than species dominant in mesic habitats Q. margaretta and Q. marilandica. The generalist species P. palustris exhibited intermediate fine root demography. Fine root death increased under high resources and under localized drought, especially in mesic species. Fine root production in mesic species was greater at high resource availability and after reenrichment of dry surface soil. Only xeric Quercus species and the generalist P. palustris exhibited hydraulic lift ability. Consistent with optimality theory, these results suggest that greater fine root lifespan and hydraulic lift ability in xeric and generalist species may favor root persistence in dry soils, potentially reducing rates of resource loss. In contrast, greater fine root growth in mesic and generalist species may favor competition for resources. Results also indicate that species differences can be substantial even across congeners and narrow spatial scales. Hence, speciesspecific belowground processes deserve further investigation in order to understand how carbon andnutrient cycling respond to environmental change and shifts in species composition.

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Report covers results of surveys in the spring, summer and early fall of 2000. Survey locations, times of sightings and summaries of past surveys 1975 and 1997 are included.

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This presents the results of two separate Ruffed Grouse drumming survey routes conducted in May of 2003 on the Nulhegan Basin of the Silvio O. Conte National Wildlife Refuge.

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This presents the results of two separate Ruffed Grouse drumming survey routes conducted in May of 2004 on the Nulhegan Basin of the Silvio O. Conte National Wildlife Refuge.

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This letter is regarding the Stephens Kangaroo Rat Habitat Conservation Plan SKR HCP which requires that the Riverside County Habitat Conservation Agency establish core reserves for the SKR. This letter details the specifics of the core reserves, and other terms of the transactions between the USFWS and the Riverside County Habitat Conversation Agency.

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The neotropicallandbird survey was performed to collect baseline data for both migratory and resident birds on the refuge. The data are useful for monitoring species presence, species habitat association, and population trends over the years. An important goal of the survey is to identify species of concern and to associate these species with habitat preference for future conservation and management purposes.Species of management concern are those that have shown significant population declines in the North American Breeding Bird Survey since 1966, or have been listed as threatened, endangered, or a species of concern by the state of Virginia or the US Fish and Wildlife Service Table 1.

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The purpose of this environmental assessment is to discuss and evaluate the environmental impacts of establishing an annual trapping program as a component of an integrated approach to furbearer management at the Nulhegan Basin Division of the Silvio 0. Conte National Fish and Wildlife Refuge, Essex County, Vermont.

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Since the potential for great blue heron displacement and vegetation decline increases as the cormorant population grows, a monitoring program needs to be established on Shad Island to track cormorant density and establish baseline levels of individual tree and canopy condition. In this study, observations and measurements will be collected as baseline levels to index cormorants potential deleterious effects on Shad Island.

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This draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan CCP was written to guide management on Valentine National Wildlife Refuge for the next 15 years. This plan outlines the Refuge vision and purpose and describes how Valentine NWR will contribute to the overall mission of the Refuge System. The plan provides an introduction to the Complex, an overview of the CCP planning process, a summary of Complex resources, goals and objectives, alternatives, a description of the affected environment, and environmental consequences.

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The Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge Cropland Management Plan focuses on the production of supplemental grain and browse foods to maintain wildlife populations at approved objective levels. In addition, the prevention of undesirable brush and trees is emphasized. Division and management strategies are discussed.

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This presents the results of two separate Ruffed Grouse drumming survey routes conducted in May of 2002 on the Nulhegan Basin of the Silvio O. Conte National Wildlife Refuge.

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Results of wood duck nest box monitoring at Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge

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This is a summary of the field activities of the New Hampshire Loon Preservation Committee on Lake Umbagog in 2003. It is an effort to continue an existing 28year loon management and monitoring project on Lake Umbagog.

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The purpose of this report is to document the results of confirmation trapping surveys for the Pacific Pocket Mouse performed by the San Diego Natural History Museum. These surveys represents the second phase of a twophrase effort aimed at discovering extant but unknown populations of PPM within the Coastal subregion of Orange County.

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The Southern Watersheds includes the drainages of the Northwest River, the North Landing River, and Back Bay in the southeastern corner of Virginia. Common reedgrass is an invasive wetland plant which threatens to significantly alter the structure and function of the marshes and other wetlands of the Southern Watersheds. The objectives of this project are to increase public awareness of the common reedgrass problem in the Southern Watersheds, demonstrate effective control of common reedgrass,and encourage measures that prevent common reedgrass from becoming invasive. The project is funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Back Bay Restoration Foundation, and the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. Additionally, fifteen other local, state, federal, and private entities are involved in the project as participants or advisors. The following account details activities related to the Southern Watersheds Common Reedgrass Project from the period of March 1, 1993, to October 20, 1993.

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The Pee Dee NWR Habitat Management Plan provides a longterm vision and specific guidance on managing habitats for the resources of concern at Pee Dee NWR, to facilitate continuity in management programs. Refuge background, resources of concern, and habitat management goals and objectives are discussed. Management strategies and prescriptions then identify how and the specific means by which management and monitoring strategies will be implemented. Appendices follow.

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Aerial photograph of Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge taken on June 24, 1968.