Published By National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Issued over 9 years ago
Summary
Description
The Consolidated Lunar Atlas is a collection of the best photographic images of the moon, including low-oblique photography, full-moon photography, and tabular and positional plates.
Published By National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Issued over 9 years ago
Summary
Description
The GPM Ground Validation Composite Satellite Overpasses MC3E dataset provides satellite overpasses from the AQUA satellite during the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E) which took place in central Oklahoma April 22 - June 5, 2011. The radiometric data was matched up with other datasets necessary to carry out land surface emissivity studies. These other datasets include the NEXRAD NMQ radar mosaic for knowledge of rain structure and intensity at the time of the overpass, as well as the previous accumulated precip prior to the satellite overpass time), the NOAA IMS snow mapping system (to identify surface snow or ice cover), and the NASA/GMAO MERRA land and atmospheric reanalysis (for background land and atmospheric state needed for microwave radiative transfer calculations). The identified AQUA satellite overpasses included passed within 700-km of the central field site.
Published By National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Issued over 9 years ago
Summary
Description
Level 3, 7-Day sea surface salinity bias adjusted product for version 3.0 of the Aquarius data set
Published By National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Issued over 9 years ago
Summary
Description
On August 17, 1996, the Japanese Space Agency (NASDA - National Space Development Agency) launched the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS). ADEOS was in a descending, Sun synchronous orbit with a nominal equatorial crossing time of 10:30 a.m. Amoung the instruments carried aboard the ADEOS spacecraft was the Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner (OCTS). OCTS is an optical radiometer with 12 bands covering the visible, near infrared and thermal infrared regions. (Eight of the bands are in the VIS/NIR. These are the only bands calibrated and processed by the OBPG) OCTS has a swath width of approximately 1400 km, and a nominal nadir resolution of 700 m. The instrument operated at three tilt states (20 degrees aft, nadir and 20 degrees fore), similar to SeaWiFS.
Published By National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Issued over 9 years ago
Summary
Description
The GPM Ground Validation Environment Canada (EC) Manual Precipitation Measurements GCPEx dataset was collected during the GPM Cold-season Precipitation Experiment (GCPEx) in Ontario, Canada with data collections from January 18 - March 28, 2012. Precipitation amount, weight, snow water equivalent and present weather condition were recorded using a Tretyakov gauge inside a double fence intercomparison reference (DFIR) shield.
Published By National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Issued over 9 years ago
Summary
Description
ML2SO2_NRT is the EOS Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) Near-Real-Time (NRT) product for sulfur dioxide (SO2). This product contains daily SO2 profiles taken from the 240 GHz band. The most recent 7 days of data are available. Spatial coverage is near-global (-82 deg. to +82 deg. latitude), with each profile spaced 1.5 deg. or ~165 km along the orbit track (roughly 15 orbits per day). The recommended useful vertical range of NRT Sulfur Dioxide profiles is 215 - 10.0 hPa. There are about 96 NRT files per day containing roughly 15 minutes or less of data each. Before using these data, please download both the MLS version 3.4 NRT User Guide which describes the NRT algorithm and data quality, as well as the MLS Level-2 Data Quality Document for Standard Products which describes the caveats for using MLS SO2 data. MLS documentation can be found at http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/Aura/additional/documentation/. Users are encouraged to register with the MLS team at http://mls.jpl.nasa.gov/ to obtain updates and information about this product from the MLS team.
Published By National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Issued over 9 years ago
Summary
Description
MODIS (or Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) is a key instrument aboard the Terra (EOS AM) and Aqua (EOS PM) satellites. Terra's orbit around the Earth is timed so that it passes from north to south across the equator in the morning, while Aqua passes south to north over the equator in the afternoon. Terra MODIS and Aqua MODIS are viewing the entire Earth's surface every 1 to 2 days, acquiring data in 36 spectral bands, or groups of wavelengths (see MODIS Technical Specifications). These data will improve our understanding of global dynamics and processes occurring on the land, in the oceans, and in the lower atmosphere. MODIS is playing a vital role in the development of validated, global, interactive Earth system models able to predict global change accurately enough to assist policy makers in making sound decisions concerning the protection of our environment.
Published By National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Issued over 9 years ago
Summary
Description
This dataset is part of the collection of Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS) data products produced as part of NASA's MEaSUREs Program. Remote Sensing Systems generates SSM/I and SSMIS binary data products using a unified, physically based algorithm to simultaneously retrieve ocean wind speed (at 10 meters), water vapor, cloud water, and rain rate. The SSMIS data have been carefully intercalibrated on the brightness temperature level with the previous SSM/I and therefore extend this important time series of ocean winds, vapor, cloud and rain values. This algorithm is a product of 20 years of refinements, improvements, and verifications. The Global Hydrology Resource Center has reformatted the binary data into a netCDF data product for each temporal group for each satellite. The netCDF SSMI/SSMIS collection will be available for F8, F10, F11, F13, F14, F15, F16, F17 for each temporal aggregation: daily, 3-day, weekly and monthly.
Published By National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Issued over 9 years ago
Summary
Description
ABSTRACT: This data set provides monthly burned area, and monthly, and annual fire emissions data from July 1996 to February 2012. Emissions data are available for carbon (C), dry matter (DM), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), hydrogen (H2), nitrous oxide (N2O), nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), organic carbon (OC), black carbon (BC), particulate matter 2.5 micron (PM2p5), total particulate matter (TPM), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). The C4 fraction of carbon emissions is also provided. The annual C emissions estimates were derived by combining burned area data with a biogeochemical model, CASA-Global Fire Emissions Database (CASA-GFED), that estimates fuel loads and combustion completeness for each monthly time step. The fuel loads were based on satellite derived information on vegetation characteristics and productivity to estimate carbon input and carbon outputs through heterotrophic respiration, herbivory, and fires. Note that while most emissions estimates included data for 32 variables (trace gases, aerosols, and carbon), not all data are available for all years, and not all variables (emission species) are included in each data product.Additional information may be obtained from the Global Fire Data website: http://www.globalfiredata.org/index.html.Data products include:- 0.5 degree x 0.5 degree gridded monthly burned area data (ha) for 1996 to 2012 provided as text files and as GeoTIFF files for 1996 to 2012.- 3-Hourly emssions (fraction) for 2003 to 2010 in NetCDF (.nc) format.- Daily emssions (fraction) for 2003 to 2010, in NetCDF (.nc) format.- Monthly emissions for 32 variables from 1997 to 2011, in text and GeoTIFF format.- Monthly emissions for 31 variables from specific sources (grassland and savanna, woodland, deforestation & degradation, forest, agricultural waste burning, and peat fires), both as absolute and relative emissions. The time period is for 2007 to 2011, and the files are provided in text and GeoTIFF format.- Global emission totals of C and other species from all sources, and from each individual source (forest fires, peat fires, agricultural waste burning, etc).- Annual emissions of carbon and other trace gases for all countries, for the period 1997 to 2010, provided as text files. These files are for indicative use only; they are not suitable for official reporting due to large uncertainties and potential for missing key regional aspects in the global approach used.- Ancillary data for monthly biosphere fluxes. The CASA-GFED biosphere flux sources include Net Primary Production (NPP), Heterotrophic respiration (Rh), and fires (biomass burning). These files are for the time period 1997 to 2009 and are provided as text files and in GeoTIFF format.There are 12 compressed (*.zip) files with this data set. The data are in text, NetCDF (.nc), and GeoTIFF (.tiff) formats as described above.
Published By National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Issued over 9 years ago
Summary
Description
The Coastal Zone Color Scanner Experiment (CZCS) was the first instrument devoted to the measurement of ocean color and flown on a spacecraft. Although other instruments flown on other spacecraft had sensed ocean color, their spectral bands, spatial resolution and dynamic range were optimized for land or meteorological use and had limited sensitivity in this area, whereas in CZCS, every parameter was optimized for use over water to the exclusion of any other type of sensing. CZCS had six spectral bands, four of which were used primarily for ocean color. These were of a 20 nanometer bandwidth centered at 443, 520, 550, and 670 nm. Band 5 had a 100 nm bandwidth centered at 750 nm and a dynamic range more suited to land. Band 6 operated in the 10.5 to 12.5 micrometer region and sensed emitted thermal radiance for derivation of equivalent black body temperature. (This thermal band failed within the first year of the mission, and so was not used in the global processing effort.) Bands 1-4 were preset to view water only and saturated when the IFOV was over most types of land surfaces, or clouds.
Published By National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Issued over 9 years ago
Summary
Description
This data set contains a series of land surface parameters simulated from the Mosaic model in the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS). The data are in 1.0 degree resolution and range from 1979 to the present. The temporal resolution is 3-hour. This simulation was forced by combination of NOAA/GDAS atmospheric analysis fields, spatially and temporally disaggregated NOAA Climate Prediction Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) fields, and observation based downward shortwave and longwave radiation fields derived using the method of the Air Force Weather Agency's AGRicultural METeorological modeling system (AGRMET). The simulation was initialized on 1 January 1979 using soil moisture and other state fields from a GLDAS/Mosaic model climatology for that day of the year. WGRIB or other GRIB reader is required to read the files. The data set applies a user-defined parameter table to indicate the contents and parameter number. The GRIBTAB file (http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/hydrology/grib_tabs/gribtab_GLDAS_MOS.txt) shows a list of parameters for this data set, along with their Product Definition Section (PDS) IDs and units. For more information, please see the README Document at ftp://hydro1.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/s4pa/GLDAS_V1/README.GLDAS.pdf
OMI/Aura Near UV Aerosol Optical Depth and Single Scattering Albedo Daily L2 Global 0.25x0.25 deg Lat/Lon Grid V003
Published By National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Issued over 9 years ago
Summary
Description
The OMI-Aura level-2G daily global gridded (0.25x0.25 deg) near-UV Aerosol data product OMAERUVG based on the enhanced algorithm is available from the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC), http://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Aura/OMI/omaeruvg_v003.shtml (The shortname for this Level-2G Global Gridded near-UV Aerosol Product is OMAERUVG_V003) This Level-2G daily global gridded product OMAERUVG is based on the pixel level OMI Level-2 Aerosol product OMAERUV. The OMAERUV product is based on the enhanced TOMS version-8 algorithm that essentially uses the ultraviolet radiance data. OMI provides two aerosol products OMAERUV and OMAERO at the pixel resolution (13 x 24 km at nadir) that are based on two different algorithms. OMAERUVG data product is a special Level-2 gridded product where pixel level products are binned into 0.25x0.25 degree global grids. It contains the data for all scenes that have observation time betweeen UTC times of 00:00:00 and 23:59:59.9999 . All data pixels that fall in a grid box are saved without averaging. Scientist can apply data filtering scheme of their choice and create new gridded products. The GES DISC developed interactive tool Giovanni (http://giovanni.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ) provides web based capabilities to browse and explore these data. The OMAERUVG data product contains almost all parameters that are contained in OMAERUV. For example, in addition to the extinction and absorption optical depth it also contains effective Lambertian scene-reflectivity, UV aerosol index, cloud fraction, cloud pressure, ozone below clouds, terrain height, geolocation, solar and satellite viewing angles, and extensive quality flags. OMAERUVG files are stored in EOS Hierarchical Data Format (HDF-EOS5). Each file contains daily data from approximately 15 orbits mapped on the Global 0.25x0.25 deg Grids. The maximum file size for the OMERUVG data product is about 50 Mbytes.
GOZCARDS Merged Data for Hydrogen Chloride Monthly Zonal Means on a Geodetic Latitude and Pressure Grid V1.01
Published By National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Issued over 9 years ago
Summary
Description
The GOZCARDS Merged Data for Hydrogen Chloride Monthly Zonal Averages on a Geodetic Latitude and Pressure Grid product (GozMmlpHCl) contains zonal means and related information (standard deviation, minimum/maximum value, etc.), calculated as a result of a merging process that ties together the source datasets, after bias removal and averaging. The merged HCl data are from the following satellite instruments: HALOE (v19; 1991 - 2005), ACE-FTS (v2.2u; 2004 - onward), and Aura MLS (v3.3; 2004 - onward). The vertical pressure range for HCl is from 147 to 0.5 hPa. The input source data used to create this merged product are contained in a separate data product with the short name GozSmlpHCl. The GozMmlpHCl merged data are written using the new netCDF4 enhanced model using CF-1 metadata attributes. The data variables are organized into a Group hierarchy structure. Global Attributes describing the data file (e.g. data start/end time, spatial extent, etc.) are located at the file/root level. Users can use netCDF enabled tools to view the data. Since netCDF4 is based on the HDF5 format, HDF5 readers will also work with these data files. Parameters contained in the data files include the following: Variable Name |Description |Units /Merged/average |Hydrogen Chloride Merged Zonal Average |(mol/mol) End of parameter informationGOZCARDS (Global OZone Chemistry And Related trace gas Data records for the Stratosphere) refers to a commonly-formatted Earth system data record (ESDR) for stratospheric composition, of high relevance to the issue of ozone decline and recovery. High-quality long-term ozone and related trace gas data records are needed to (a) evaluate and understand composition changes in the atmosphere and (b) constrain model representations of atmospheric dynamics and photochemistry.
Published By National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Issued over 9 years ago
Summary
Description
The product is a 2.5 deg x 2.5 deg gridded composite of climatological total (IC+CG) lightning bulk production as a function of day of year, expressed as a flash rate density (fl/km2/day). Climatologies from the OTD and LIS missions are included, as well as a combined OTD+LIS climatology and supporting base data (flash counts and viewing times). Best-available detection efficiency corrections and instrument cross normalizations have been applied.
Published By US Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior
Issued over 9 years ago
Summary
Description
This annual narrative report for Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge summarizes refuge activities during January September 1998. The report begins with a summary of the years highlights and climatic conditions. Land acquisition including fee titles and easements are also covered. The report includes a planning section which discusses management plans, compliance and research. Refuge administration is outlined; information about personnel, youth programs, funding, and safety is given. Habitat management is also covered. Subjects include wetlands, grasslands, pest control, fire management and wilderness areas. The wildlife section of the report discusses wildlife diversity, water birds, raptors, banding, fisheries resources, and animal control. The public uses of the refuge described in this report include recreational use, refuge visitation, interpretive programs, trapping, and law enforcement. The equipment and facilities section of the report provides information about new construction, maintenance, and energy conservation. Items of interest are provided at the end.
Published By National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Issued over 9 years ago
Summary
Description
This archive of daily rawinsonde measurements of wind direction and speed, atmospheric pressure, humidity, air temperature, and geopotential height as well as surface-based observation of cloud cover (amount, type and height) from Soviet North Pole drifting stations was assembled under the direction of Dr. J. Kahl, with funding from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Science Foundation, and the Electric Power Research Institute. Soundings were recorded from April 19, 1954 to July 31, 1990 at drifting stations located in the Arctic Ocean, north of approximately 70 degrees North. Data were obtained from several different sources. All of these data are ultimately derived from the set of bound volumes of handwritten tables kept at the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI) in St. Petersburg, Russia. Data are in 21 ASCII text format files with an average size of under 10 MB. The data are available via ftp.
Published By National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Issued over 9 years ago
Summary
Description
GLAH14 contains the land elevation and elevation distribution corrected for geodetic and atmospheric affects calculated from algorithms fine-tuned for over land returns. Data granules contain 14 orbits of data within the land mask.
GOZCARDS Merged Data for Nitrous Oxide Monthly Zonal Means on a Geodetic Latitude and Pressure Grid V1.01
Published By National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Issued over 9 years ago
Summary
Description
The GOZCARDS Merged Data for Nitrous Oxide Monthly Zonal Averages on a Geodetic Latitude and Pressure Grid product (GozMmlpN2O) contains zonal means and related information (standard deviation, minimum/maximum value, etc.), calculated as a result of a merging process that ties together the source datasets, after bias removal and averaging. The merged N2O data are from the following satellite instruments: ACE-FTS (v2.2u; 2004 - onward), and Aura MLS (v3.3; 2004 - onward). The vertical pressure range for N2O is from 147 to 0.5 hPa. The input source data used to create this merged product are contained in a separate data product with the short name GozSmlpN2O. The GozMmlpN2O merged data are written using the new netCDF4 enhanced model using CF-1 metadata attributes. The data variables are organized into a Group hierarchy structure. Global Attributes describing the data file (e.g. data start/end time, spatial extent, etc.) are located at the file/root level. Users can use netCDF enabled tools to view the data. Since netCDF4 is based on the HDF5 format, HDF5 readers will also work with these data files. Parameters contained in the data files include the following: Variable Name |Description |Units /Merged/average |Nitrous Oxide Merged Zonal Average |(mol/mol) End of parameter information GOZCARDS (Global OZone Chemistry And Related trace gas Data records for the Stratosphere) refers to a commonly-formatted Earth system data record (ESDR) for stratospheric composition, of high relevance to the issue of ozone decline and recovery. High-quality long-term ozone and related trace gas data records are needed to (a) evaluate and understand composition changes in the atmosphere and (b) constrain model representations of atmospheric dynamics and photochemistry.
Published By National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Issued over 9 years ago
Summary
Description
Aquarius Official Release Level 3 Ancillary Reynolds Sea Surface Temperature Standard Mapped Image Ascending Monthly Data V3.0
Published By National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Issued over 9 years ago
Summary
Description
Robotic systems will be deeply integrated into future human exploration of the lunar surface. Prior to human arrival, they will conduct scientific investigations, explore potential habitation sites, prepare infrastructure, and construct the necessary facilities for human occupation and activity. When humans are present, robotic systems will assist and support them in the various activities of exploration and habitation. Given the great cost of developing such systems, transporting them to the Moon, and maintaining them there, NASA must ensure that the robots it sends are capable of many different tasks. This will enable a smaller number of robots to accomplish the necessary tasks while providing better redundancy in case of subsystem failure. We propose to build an innovative manipulation system that includes a modular dexterous manipulator for various mobile platforms and a software control system that seamlessly coordinates motion control of rover and manipulator. The manipulation system will be JAUS-compliant, enabling many existing technologies to easily interface with it. The proposed innovation has two main components. The primary component is a lightweight, low-power manipulation system for mobile platforms. The manipulator itself will be swiftly reconfigurable with up to seven degrees of freedom (DOF). There will be several different tools available for use at the end effector: some passive, some active. All associated electronics will be internal to the manipulator, requiring only power and data connections externally. Connections between modules will use the innovative "Universal Mating Adapter". The second innovative component is a software control system that coordinates control of the vehicle and manipulator. Such coordination extends the robot's dexterous workspace and facilitates teleoperation by providing the operator with a unified interface.
Published By National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Issued over 9 years ago
Summary
Description
Notice to Data Users: The documentation for this data set was provided solely by the Principal Investigator(s) and was not further developed, thoroughly reviewed, or edited by NSIDC. Thus, support for this data set may be limited. This data set contains in situ data collected using a multispectral radiometer and a plant-canopy analyzer over the Soil Moisture Experiment 2004 (SMEX04) areas of Arizona, USA and Sonora, Mexico. The experiment was conducted 20 July 2004 to 24 August 2004. Sampling was performed on sites approximately 800 meters by 800 meters in size. The parameters for this data set include Leaf Area Index (LAI), Multispectral Radiometer Reflectance, wet biomass, dry biomass, water content, and site vegetation cover. The total volume for this data set is approximately 1.5 megabytes. Data are provided in Microsoft Excel files, and are available via FTP. These data were collected as part of a validation study for the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E). AMSR-E is a mission instrument launched aboard NASA's Aqua Satellite on 04 May 2002. AMSR-E validation studies linked to SMEX are designed to evaluate the accuracy of AMSR-E soil moisture data. Specific validation objectives include assessing and refining soil moisture algorithm performance; verifying soil moisture estimation accuracy; investigating the effects of vegetation, surface temperature, topography, and soil texture on soil moisture accuracy; and determining the regions that are useful for AMSR-E soil moisture measurements.
Published By National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Issued over 9 years ago
Summary
Description
The Coastal Zone Color Scanner Experiment (CZCS) was the first instrument devoted to the measurement of ocean color and flown on a spacecraft. Although other instruments flown on other spacecraft had sensed ocean color, their spectral bands, spatial resolution and dynamic range were optimized for land or meteorological use and had limited sensitivity in this area, whereas in CZCS, every parameter was optimized for use over water to the exclusion of any other type of sensing. CZCS had six spectral bands, four of which were used primarily for ocean color. These were of a 20 nanometer bandwidth centered at 443, 520, 550, and 670 nm. Band 5 had a 100 nm bandwidth centered at 750 nm and a dynamic range more suited to land. Band 6 operated in the 10.5 to 12.5 micrometer region and sensed emitted thermal radiance for derivation of equivalent black body temperature. (This thermal band failed within the first year of the mission, and so was not used in the global processing effort.) Bands 1-4 were preset to view water only and saturated when the IFOV was over most types of land surfaces, or clouds.
Published By National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Issued over 9 years ago
Summary
Description
The SMEX03 Ancillary Soil Characteristics data set contains data for the regional study areas of Alabama, Georgia, and Oklahoma, USA as part of the 2003 Soil Moisture Experiment (SMEX03). The original data were extracted from a multi-layer soil characteristics database for the conterminous United States and generated using Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) ArcMap software for each regional study area. Parameters for this data set include available water capacity, bulk density, permeability, porosity, rock fragment class, rock fragment volume, percent sand, percent clay, and texture class. The temporal coverage is approximate, as these data are representative of the conditions present in each regional study area during the general timeline of the SMEX03 campaign. The total volume for these data sets is approximately 2.8 gigabytes. Data are provided in ASCII text files and are available via FTP. These data were collected as part of a validation study for the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E). AMSR-E is a mission instrument launched aboard NASA's Aqua Satellite on 04 May 2002. AMSR-E validation studies linked to SMEX are designed to evaluate the accuracy of AMSR-E soil moisture data. Specific validation objectives include assessing and refining soil moisture algorithm performance; verifying soil moisture estimation accuracy; investigating the effects of vegetation, surface temperature, topography, and soil texture on soil moisture accuracy; and determining the regions that are useful for AMSR-E soil moisture measurements.
Published By National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Issued over 9 years ago
Summary
Description
MODIS (or Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) is a key instrument aboard the Terra (EOS AM) and Aqua (EOS PM) satellites. Terra's orbit around the Earth is timed so that it passes from north to south across the equator in the morning, while Aqua passes south to north over the equator in the afternoon. Terra MODIS and Aqua MODIS are viewing the entire Earth's surface every 1 to 2 days, acquiring data in 36 spectral bands, or groups of wavelengths (see MODIS Technical Specifications). These data will improve our understanding of global dynamics and processes occurring on the land, in the oceans, and in the lower atmosphere. MODIS is playing a vital role in the development of validated, global, interactive Earth system models able to predict global change accurately enough to assist policy makers in making sound decisions concerning the protection of our environment.
Published By National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Issued over 9 years ago
Summary
Description
The Global Human Footprint Dataset of the Last of the Wild Project, Version 2, 2005 (LWP-2) is the Human Influence Index (HII) normalized by biome and realm. The HII is a global dataset of 1-kilometer grid cells, created from nine global data layers covering human population pressure (population density), human land use and infrastructure (built-up areas, nighttime lights, land use/land cover), and human access (coastlines, roads, railroads, navigable rivers). The dataset is produced by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) and is available in the Geographic Coordinate system.